Abstract
During the past 5000 years, ancient nomenclature and dogmas regarding the etiology of protrusions have accumulated. Whereas, in the abdomen, the Latin "hernia" supplanted Greek, it, based on content, persists in the pelvis as cystocele, rectocele, etc. Russell (Lancet 1:1519-1523, 1902) championed the congenital saccular theory of herniae, denying they could ever be acquired pathologically. Barring technical error, removal of the sac would cure. Despite dissent in the 1920s by Harrison, Keith, and Andrews, Russell's concepts held late into the twentieth century. We now know that pathology - systemic connective tissue disease - plays an important role in adult herniation. Tensionless prosthetic repair is usually required since the healing of damaged musculo-aponeurotic structures in abdomen or pelvis is impaired. Laparoscopists have declared sliding extraperitoneal prolapse of sacless kidney, ureter, bladder, and fat pad to be herniae. Similar vaginal protrusions should be denoted likewise. It is time gynecologists and herniologists join in the effort to develop antidotes for combating this pernicious co-morbidity which has been shown also to cause aneurysms, diverticulosis coli, skin changes, and emphysema. Prophylaxis should include exercise and going without cigarettes.
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