Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are biotrophic symbionts forming close relationships with an estimated 80% of terrestrial plants suitable as their host. Via an established AM fungal–host relationship, soil-bound nutrients are made available to the host plant through root cortical arbuscules as the site of exchange. At these sites, photosynthetic carbohydrates are provided to the AM fungus—carbohydrates that cannot be produced by the fungus. AM fungal–host symbiosis is very sensitive to soil disturbance, for example, agricultural tillage practices can damage and reduce AM fungal abilities to interact with a host and provide plant growth-promoting properties.
Highlights
As a method of seedbed preparation, can be detrimental to Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal–host relations and wider mycelial network establishment [11,12]. This is indicative of conventional tillage (CT) which typically inverts soils to a maximum depth of 30 cm (20 cm within the UK [13]) forming the zone of tillage, with the formation of a densely compacted layer below
Studies were able to show that nutrient-deficient soils, producing higher levels of host–fungus interactions, result in more carbon exchange via arbuscular structures giving strong indications that a mutual relationship between plant and fungus exists through symbiosis [29,30]
The greater persistence, mobility and comparable ecotoxicity of Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) is of greater concern to bacteria and fungi that share the Shikimate pathway and EPSP synthase [139,140], both of which are targeted by glyphosate when applied as a mode of weed control
Summary
As a method of seedbed preparation, can be detrimental to AM fungal–host relations and wider mycelial network establishment [11,12] This is indicative of conventional tillage (CT) which typically inverts soils to a maximum depth of 30 cm (20 cm within the UK [13]) forming the zone of tillage, with the formation of a densely compacted layer below (plough pan). AM fungal mycelia through the zone of tillage [13] and negatively impacts AM fungal life cycles by reducing the likelihood of AM fungi finding a host plant to form a symbiotic establishment, seen in the use of excessive fertiliser use. Such disturbances to AM fungi, from both soil disturbance and chemical interaction, interfere with the AM fungal life cycle
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