Arapçadaki İ‘râb Harekeleri ile Türkçedeki Hâl Ekleri Karşılaştırması: Benzerlikler ve Farklılıklar

Abstract

This study will discuss the differences and similarities between the iʿrāb ḥarakas (vowels) in Arabic and the case suffixes that can be seen as their equivalent in the Turkish language. This study aims to point out the role of suffixes in determining the meaning, as well as reveal that case suffixes basically point to the elements of the sentence, such as iʿrāb ḥarakas. At the beginning of the research, firstly, Arabic and Turkish language families will be mentioned. In the first part, information will be given about the essential elements and auxiliary elements of the sentence in Turkish, and then their possible equivalents in Arabic -with the help of Ottoman Turkish- will be mentioned. In the second part, by giving general information about case suffixes, it will be said which element of the sentence they refer to. Finally, in light of the information given, the similarities and differences of the ḥarakas and suffixes will be revealed. In this research, in which qualitative research methods will be used, the similarities and differences between the ḥarakas and the suffixes will be explained with examples, and a better understanding will be tried to provide. As a result of this research, it has been understood that although there are many differences between iʿrāb ḥarakas and suffixes due to the structure of the language, they basically perform the same function. Just as in Arabic, the fatḥa (short vowel /a/) is known as a ḥarakah pointing to the direct patient; it has been understood that the suffix (-ı/-i), which is one of the noun cases in Turkish, points to the direct object. Because in Ottoman Turkish, the direct object was named maf`ūl bih ṣarīḥ. In addition, it has been determined that the subjects and indefinite objects in Turkish always come in a nominative case and do not take any other case suffix. It has been understood that there are differences between i‘râb ḥarakas and case suffixes, as well as similar aspects. While case suffixes in Turkish are used to add other meanings to the word in addition to pointing out the elements of the sentence, such a situation has not been found in Arabic. In addition to these, it has been understood that the most similar sign of iʿrāb to the suffixes is iʿrāb with ḥaraka; the subjects of real/visible declension (al-iʿrāb al-maḥallī), imaginary/hidden declension (al-iʿrāb al-taqdirī), and declension with a letter (al-iʿrāb bi al-ḥurūf) could not be found in Turkey Turkish. Although in Turkey Turkish there is no dual forms, case suffixes are used in their plurals, just like in their singulars. Another difference between them stems from the fact that Turkish is an agglutinative language. A noun in a nominative form can take suffixes such as plural suffixes and possessive suffixes, even if it does not take any other suffixes. Another significant difference that can be detected is related to the reduction of ḥarakas in speech. Because while the reduction of the last ḥaraka in the sentence does not harm the Arabic-speaking person's fluency, it has been seen that the reduction of suffixes in Turkish harms the fluency of the language.