Abstract
ABSTRACT Industrial pollution in groundwater has become an essential health concern because of its life-threatening health impacts on humans. To examine the hydro-geochemical processes controlling groundwater chemistry in Peenya Industrial Area (PIA), Bangalore city, 65 groundwater samples were collected during July 2016, January 2017, and August 2017 to analyse major ions using Flame-photometer, UV-Spectrophotometer and standard titration methods. The main aim of this study was to categorise the groundwater quality due to improper discharges of industrial effluents (solid and liquid) and the health risk assessment of the local community using this groundwater for daily use. It observes that the nitrate varied from 21 to 461 mg/L (July 2016), 1.01 to 121.7 mg/L (January 2017), and 1.4 to 110 mg/L (August 2017). The maximum samples exceed the threshold values (>45 mg/L). Industrial activities and water–rock interactions are the major factors controlling groundwater chemistry. The pollution risks through the Water Quality Index (WQI), Pollution Index of Groundwater (PIG), Nitrate Pollution Index (NPI), Pollution Loads (%), Revelle Index (RI) and Cumulative Probability (CP) strongly suggest that groundwater in PIA is control of mixing with industrial effluent discharges. Health risk to people through ingestion by computing chronic dose index (CDI), hazardous quotient (HQ), and health-hazardous index (HHI). Most groundwater samples show HHI >1, indicating its unsuitability and causing health effects. The maximum non-carcinogenic risk value for nitrate is 10.31 for adults and 15.07 for children during July 2016; 2.72 for adults and 3.97 for children during January 2017; 2.46 for adults and 3.60 for children during August 2017. Therefore, proper planning for mitigation is required to reduce exposure to save future generations. This study will bring awareness to minimising and treating the groundwater before use.
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