Aqueous Amino Acids and Proteins Near the Surface of Gold in Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Force Fields

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We calculate potentials of the mean force for 20 amino acids in the vicinity of the (111) surface of gold, for several dipeptides, and for some analogues of the side chains, using molecular dynamics simulations and the umbrella sampling method. We compare results obtained within three different force fields: one hydrophobic (for a contaminated surface) and two hydrophilic. All of these fields lead to good binding with very different specificities and different patterns in the density and polarization of water. The covalent bond with the sulfur atom on cysteine is modeled by the Morse potential. We demonstrate that binding energies of dipeptides are different than the combined binding energies of their amino acidic components. For the hydrophobic gold, adsorption events of a small protein are driven by attraction to the strongest binding amino acids. This is not so in the hydrophilic cases—a result of smaller specificities combined with the difficulty for proteins, but not for single amino acids, to penetrate the first layer of water. The properties of water near the surface sensitively depend on the force field.