Abstract
Aptamer-based approaches are very promising tools in nanomedicine. These small single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules are often used for the effective delivery and increasing biocompatibility of various therapeutic agents. Recently, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have begun to be successfully applied in various fields of biomedicine. The use of MNPs is limited by their potential toxicity, which depends on their biocompatibility. The functionalization of MNPs by ligands increases biocompatibility by changing the charge and shape of MNPs, preventing opsonization, increasing the circulation time of MNPs in the blood, thus shielding iron ions and leading to the accumulation of MNPs only in the necessary organs. Among various ligands, aptamers, which are synthetic analogs of antibodies, turned out to be the most promising for the functionalization of MNPs. This review describes the factors that determine MNPs’ biocompatibility and affect their circulation time in the bloodstream, biodistribution in organs and tissues, and biodegradation. The work also covers the role of the aptamers in increasing MNPs’ biocompatibility and reducing toxicity.
Highlights
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have begun to be successfully applied in various fields of biomedicine
This review describes the factors that determine magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs)’ biocompatibility and affect their circulation time in the bloodstream, biodistribution in organs and tissues, and biodegradation
They are used for MRI imaging of pathological foci, as an iron supplement for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia [1], in the labeling and retention of mesenchymal stem cells at implantation site or to engineer organized tissues [2–4], the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents, magnetomechanical stimulation of bone tissue regeneration, skin regeneration [5], etc
Summary
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have begun to be successfully applied in various fields of biomedicine. The type, structure, and geometry of the MNPs determines their effectiveness in overcoming and have a longer plasma circulation time. The limitation in the use of MNPs at the organism level is the presence of barriers during vessels, the mechanism for removing particles from the body, and ways to overcome biological barriers Their transition from blood vessels to the lymphatic system and tissues [23], as well as when entering the cells [24]. The hydrodynamic dimensions of MNPs affect their distribution inside the blood vessels, the mechanism for removing particles from the body, and ways to overcome biological barriers. The coating of MNPs is an essential factor determining their biocompatibility [31]
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