Abstract
Nucleic acid-based aptamers are considered to be a promising alternative to antibodies because of their strong and specific binding to diverse targets, fast and inexpensive chemical synthesis, and easy labeling with a fluorescent dye or therapeutic agent. Cluster of differentiation (CD) proteins are among the most popular antigens for aptamers on the cell surface. These anti-CD aptamers could be used in cell biology and biomedicine, from simple cell phenotyping by flow cytometry or fluorescent microscopy to diagnosis and treatment of HIV/AIDS to cancer and immune therapies. The unique feature of aptamers is that they can act simultaneously as an agonist and antagonist of CD receptors depending on a degree of aptamer oligomerization. Aptamers can also deliver small interfering RNA to silence vital genes in CD-positive cells. In this review, we summarize nucleic acid sequences of anti-CD aptamers and their use, which have been validated in multiple studies.
Highlights
Cluster of differentiation (CD) nomenclature was first used by the Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigens (HLDA) Workshop in 1982 for the characterization and study of leucocyte surface molecules and antibodies against them.[1]
Some CD molecules are better known than others because of their pivotal role in immune system homeostasis, such as CD4, CD8, CD3, CD28, CD45, and CD80.8 There are some CD antigens that play roles in disease incidence, such as CD4 and CCR5 (CD195), which are used by HIV particles as receptors for cell entry.[9]
Very few studies have not used anti-CD antibodies as a material or subject, when it comes to immune-related studies, from vaccine development to cancer therapy
Summary
Cluster of differentiation (CD) nomenclature was first used by the Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigens (HLDA) Workshop in 1982 for the characterization and study of leucocyte surface molecules and antibodies against them.[1]. Multiple aptamers have been developed that target CD molecules. Using systemic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) on recombinant rat CD4 molecules, Kraus et al discovered a set of aptamers that bound to rat CD4 and not to human homologs.[18] They showed that these aptamers had the ability to inhibit allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions by $50%. This was the first evidence of modulating immune responses via anti-CD4 aptamers.
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