Abstract
A computational model in one dimension (radius) has been developed that simulates the time evolution of a low-energy H− beam propagating through a gas-focusing channel. The simulation starts from charge neutralization and proceeds to steady state. It is found that the time to steady state (ts) relative to the neutralization time (tN) depends only on the radial profile of the beam. All physical parameters such as the beam density, beam current, ionization cross section, electron temperature, neutral gas density, and all particle masses scale out. Results relating the time to steady state to the shape of the beam are discussed.
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