Applying the Betty Neuman Model to Explain the Relationship between Workload as Stressors and Shift Work Disorder among Nurses; a Conceptual Model

Abstract

Background: Theories and models are the bedrock of sound reasoning and judgments in any clinical practice. They serve as frameworks for scientific understandings and intellectual discussions. This paper provides a review of the Betty Neumann Systems Model (NSM) and how it could be applied to understanding the relationship between workload as a stressor and shift work disorder among nurses. Method: The Betty Neumann System Model was reviewed, and the main concepts were explained. A conceptual explanation of the model was then presented using the concepts relating to nurses' workload and shift work disorders among nurses. Results: The conceptual model shows that high workload as stressors if persistent could break the defence lines and results in symptoms predictive of shift work disorder among nurses who rotate shifts. However, primary prevention is needed before the individual is in contact with such a stressor. An example of primary prevention includes pre-shift napping and reducing working hours. Also, secondary prevention of stressors includes several treatment strategies such as promoting rest periods, reducing shift duration, and increasing inter-shift recovery. By augmenting inter-shift recovery, sleep debt and fatigue may subsequently diminish. When treatment occurs and is maintained, the restoration of balance may be achieved through tertiary prevention. Conclusion: The negative outcomes of workload stressors as manifested as shift work disorder (SWD) among nurses could be averted if the conceptual model of the Betty Neumann System Model is applied.