Applying Reconstructed Daily Water Storage and Modified Wetness Index to Flood Monitoring: A Case Study in the Yangtze River Basin

Abstract

The terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) observed by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite and its successor GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) provides a new means for monitoring floods. However, due to the coarse temporal resolution of GRACE/GRACE-FO, the understanding of flood occurrence mechanisms and the monitoring of short-term floods are limited. This study utilizes a statistical model to reconstruct daily TWS by combining monthly GRACE observations with daily temperature and precipitation data. The reconstructed daily TWSA is utilized to monitor the catastrophic flood event that occurred in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin in 2020. Furthermore, the study compares the reconstructed daily TWSA with the vertical displacements of eight Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations at grid scale. A modified wetness index (MWI) and a normalized daily flood potential index (NDFPI) are introduced and compared with in situ daily streamflow to assess their potential for flood monitoring and early warning. The results show that terrestrial water storage (TWS) in the study area increases from early June, reaching a peak on 19 July, and then receding till September. The reconstructed TWSA better captures the changes in water storage on a daily scale compared to monthly GRACE data. The MWI and NDFPI based on the reconstructed daily TWSA both exceed the 90th percentile 7 days earlier than the in situ streamflow, demonstrating their potential for daily flood monitoring. Collectively, these findings suggest that the reconstructed TWSA can serve as an effective tool for flood monitoring and early warning.