Applying hesitant q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets to evaluate uncertainty in subsidence causes factors

Abstract

Land subsidence is a widespread problem impacting communities worldwide. Understanding the causes and factors of land subsidence is crucial for identifying and prioritizing effective mitigation measures. One of the main reasons for prioritizing land subsidence causes is the potential impact on infrastructure and the environment. The main objective of this paper is to emphasize the importance of prioritizing the causes of land subsidence. By understanding and prioritizing the factors contributing to land subsidence based on their impact and urgency, the aim is to develop targeted strategies for mitigation, inform policy decisions, and prevent further exacerbation of this problems. The study comprises three phases, where experts in the field provide their opinions and propose a robust hybrid framework. This framework integrates the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) and Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) with Hesitant q-rung orthopair fuzzy set (Hq-ROFS). The performance of the proposed technique was then compared with two other decision-making techniques for evaluating and ranking land subsidence causes. According to the results, extraction of groundwater, excessive irrigation using groundwater, and oxidation and drainage of organic soils were identified as primary drivers of subsidence.