Abstract
South African National Parks (SANParks) has a history of formal and informal natural resource use that is characterised by polarised views on national conservation interests and benefits to communities. Current efforts aim to determine the sustainability of existing resource use in parks and to formalise these activities through the development of resource use protocols. The resource use policy of SANParks outlines principles for sustainable resource use, including greater involvement of local communities in management of protected areas and an adaptive management approach to determining sustainable use levels. This paper examines three case studies on plant use in national parks with regard to the development of criteria and indicators for monitoring resource use, and the role of thresholds of potential concern in measuring effectiveness of managing for sustainable use levels. Opportunities and challenges for resource use management are identified. Findings show that platforms for discussion and knowledge sharing, including research committees and community associations, are critical to building relationships, trust and a shared vision of sustainable resource use between stakeholders. However, additional capacity building is needed to enable local community structures to manage internal social conflicts and jealousy, and to participate fully in monitoring efforts. Long-term monitoring is essential for developing flexible harvest prescriptions for plant use, but this is a time-consuming and resource-intensive exercise. Flexible management strategies are difficult to implement and sometimes command-and-control measures are necessary to protect rare or endangered species. A holistic approach that considers resource use in national parks as a complement to broader community development initiatives offers a way forward. Conservation implications: There is no blueprint for the development of sustainable resource use systems and resource use is often addressed according to multiple approaches in national parks. However, the SANParks resource use policy provides a necessary set of guiding principles for resource use management across the national park system that allows for monitoring progress.
Highlights
Most protected areas are established with the primary goal to conserve biodiversity; the other roles protected areas play in people’s livelihoods are increasingly recognised
In South Africa, as elsewhere in the world, the establishment of many protected areas have been associated with colonial processes of displacement and dispossession, and protected area management has been subject to exclusionary policies (Abbot & Mace 1999; Nagothu 2001)
This study examines the role of sustainable resource use as a strategy for providing ‘benefits beyond boundaries’ in South African national parks
Summary
Most protected areas are established with the primary goal to conserve biodiversity; the other roles protected areas play in people’s livelihoods are increasingly recognised. In response to the ‘fortress conservation’ model adopted widely across Africa to protect remnants of pristine habitats and recover declining wildlife populations, more socially responsible models have emerged as alternatives in recent years (Hoole & Berkes 2010; Scherl et al 2004) These models are more inclusive of the values and aspirations of local peoples and encourage greater involvement by local communities in protected area management (Scherl et al 2004). Contractual parks represent a way to enforce their land ownership rights and gain access to conservation, tourism and natural resource use benefits through comanagement arrangements with South African National Parks (SANParks). Using the national resource use policy as a framework for comparing case studies on plant resource use across three national parks, we examine the effectiveness of the SANParks management strategy for ensuring sustainable use and providing resource users with socio-economic benefits
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