Abstract
A new generation of sensors can be engineered based on the sensing of several markers to satisfy the conditions of the multimodal detection principle. From this point of view, photoacoustic-based sensing approaches are essential. The photoacoustic effect relies on the generation of light-induced deformation (pressure) perturbations in media, which is essential for sensing applications since the photoacoustic response is formed due to a contrast in the optical, thermal, and acoustical properties. It is also particularly important to mention that photoacoustic light-based approaches are flexible enough for the measurement of thermal/elastic parameters. Moreover, the photoacoustic approach can be used for imaging and visualization in material research and biomedical applications. The advantages of photoacoustic devices are their compact sizes and the possibility of on-site measurements, enabling the online monitoring of material parameters. The latter has significance for the development of various sensing applications, including biomedical ones, such as monitoring of the biodistribution of biomolecules. To extend sensing abilities and to find reliable measurement conditions, one needs to clearly understand all the phenomena taking place during energy transformation during photoacoustic signal formation. Therefore, the current paper is devoted to an overview of the main measurement principles used in the photoacoustic setup configurations, with a special focus on the key physical parameters.
Highlights
The photoacoustic (PA) effect is the generation of pressure perturbations in a medium due to its heating with non-stationary electromagnetic radiation
The thermal diffusivity with the subsequent thermal conductivity values of the porous layers can be determined from the slope of the fitting line of normalized PFC. These investigations were developed for the comparative evaluation of the thermal conductivity of porous silicon with and without liquid in pores to study the morphological features of a porous nanostructure [22]
The study of thermal transport in multilayer porous (MLP) structures with a spatial distribution of ultrathin layers that differ by porosity is complicated by many factors
Summary
The photoacoustic (PA) effect is the generation of pressure perturbations in a medium due to its heating with non-stationary electromagnetic radiation. The lastsimultaneously section provides examples application of the photoacoustic approaches the evaluation of thermal and the other hand, complicates the analysis of experimental data.inThus, the understanding of optical properties of nanostructured materials. The situation changed with the discovery of lasers Their use in PA methods has simplified the process of non-destructive probing of various material properties. The understanding of the mechanisms that occur during energy transformation, i.e., electromagnetic radiation to the acoustical oscillations, is necessary to perform reliable measurements of the desired parameter It offers the possibility of developing specific PA configurations with maximum sensitivity for the chosen parameters and the minimum possible sensitivity for the others. PA methods are powerful tools for the investigation of a wide variety of properties, which is essential in various areas of material research and biomedical applications. Special attention will be paid to the application of PA approaches in imaging and infrared (IR) spectroscopy
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