Abstract
An efficient periodic operation to obtain the maximum work from a nonequilibrium initial state in an N–level quantum system is shown. Each cycle consists of a stabilization process followed by an isentropic restoration process. The instantaneous time limit can be taken in the stabilization process from the nonequilibrium initial state to a stable passive state. In the restoration process that preserves the passive state a minimum period is needed to satisfy the uncertainty relation between energy and time. An efficient quantum feedback control in a symmetric two–level quantum system connected to an energy source is proposed.
Highlights
An efficient periodic operation to obtain the maximum work from a nonequilibrium initial state in an N –level quantum system is shown
It is important to recognize that the generalized second law is universal
The first step in extracting the maximum work from a nonequilibrium initial state is to stop its time evolution. This may be accomplished by an instantaneous stabilization process that changes the initial Hamiltonian to an effective Hamiltonian for which the nonequilibrium initial state is a stable canonical distribution
Summary
An efficient periodic operation to obtain the maximum work from a nonequilibrium initial state in an N –level quantum system is shown. The first step in extracting the maximum work from a nonequilibrium initial state is to stop its time evolution. This may be accomplished by an instantaneous stabilization process that changes the initial Hamiltonian to an effective Hamiltonian for which the nonequilibrium initial state is a stable canonical distribution.
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