Abstract
The use of composite materials in several sectors, such as aeronautics and automotive, has been gaining distinction in recent years. However, due to their high costs, as well as unique characteristics, consequences of their heterogeneity, they present challenging gaps to be studied. As a result, the finite element method has been used as a way to analyze composite materials subjected to the most distinctive situations. Therefore, this work aims to approach the modeling of composite materials, focusing on material properties, failure criteria, types of elements and main application sectors. From the modeling point of view, different levels of modeling—micro, meso and macro, are presented. Regarding properties, different mechanical characteristics, theories and constitutive relationships involved to model these materials are presented. The text also discusses the types of elements most commonly used to simulate composites, which are solids, peel, plate and cohesive, as well as the various failure criteria developed and used for the simulation of these materials. In addition, the present article lists the main industrial sectors in which composite material simulation is used, and their gains from it, including aeronautics, aerospace, automotive, naval, energy, civil, sports, manufacturing and even electronics.
Highlights
Technological advancements have led to an increase in the demand of special materials with unique properties that cannot be found in metal alloys, ceramics or polymers blends [1,2].To supply these needs, composite materials were developed
The interactions between the stress components are independent of the material properties. Since it is not a failure criterion based on physical phenomena, it can predict the occurrence of the damage, but cannot distinguish between the different failure modes; it can only predict whether or not the failure occurs in the structure [81,180,183,184]
As a way to demonstrate the importance of the use of finite element method (FEM) analysis in composite materials, there is the aeronautical sector, which could increase the percentage of laminates in aircraft—an advance impossible to be made with prototypes because of their high costs and very long manufacturing time
Summary
Technological advancements have led to an increase in the demand of special materials with unique properties that cannot be found in metal alloys, ceramics or polymers blends [1,2]. AccoProldyminersg20t2o0,L12a, 8s1r8i et al [24], damage mechanisms in composite materials generally3ionf c59lude four types of failure modes: transverse matrix fracture, fiber–matrix interface detachment, fiber rupture and layer delalimveisnoaf tcioomnp.oIsnitegmenateerriaall,s;tfroarnesxvamerpslee, ffrraacctuturirneg oofftthheereminafotrrciexmiesntthiseafiprasrttiadladmetaacghempenrtoocfetshse to occur, since the imnteartfAraiccxceo,hwrdahisniclghotwroesLeuralstfrsaiiineltutahrlee. InInththeessimimuulalatitoionnsstutuddyyooff ccoommppoossiitteess,, iitt is ppoosssible ttoo eevvaalluuaatteepproroppeerrtiteiessfrforommnannanosocsaclaeletoto mmacarcorsocsaclael,eo, rorininooththeerrwwoorrddss,, ttoo apply the mmuullttiissccaallee tteecchhnniiqquuee,, wwhhiicchhccoonnssisiststsoof fsismimuulaltaitninggthtehe bebheahvaivoiroorfoaf caocmompopsoitseittehrthouroguhgmh umltuipltlieptliemtiemaenda/nodr/loernlgetnhgstchaslecsal[e3s4–[346–].3S6o].mSeoampeplaipcaptliiocnastiofntshoefse tetchhensieqtueecshnariqeumesaianrleymfoaciunslyedfoocnusmedicroonstmruiccrtousrtarluacntudraml eacnhdamniecachl apnroicpaelrptyrospimerutylastiimonuslaotfiomnasnoyf mclasnsyes ofclmasasteesrioaflsm, iantcelruiadlisn,ginncalundoicnogmnpaonsoitceosm[3p5o,3si7t–e4s0[]3.5,37–40] Both micro and macroscale approaches are extensively applied, but with the increase in nanomaterials as polymer composite reinforcements, nanoscale has been gaining ground. Coupled with the need for a better understanding of damage progression, mesoscale is an optimal option (Figure 4) Sdchaemmaatgicedpamroagceespsroczeossnzeonaenadndccoorrrreesspponodnindginbig-linbeia-rlitnraecatiront–rsaecptairoatnio–nsleapwairnaatnion law in an adhesively boanddheesdivejolyinbotn. dReedpjoriontd. uRecperdodwucietdhwpiethrmperimssiisosinon[[6677]]
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