Abstract
The application of polyaniline nanofibers doped with chloride and nitrate ions (PANINFs-Cl and PANINFs-NO3) in potentiometry was described. Both kinds of nanofibers were used as an ion-to-electron transducer in ion-selective electrodes with solid contact (SCISEs). Extensive research on the properties of the nanofibers themselves (SEM, UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR) and the constructed electrodes (potentiometric methods, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) has been carried out. Basic analytical parameters of electrodes containing various nanofibers contents in the ion-selective membrane and with nanofibers as an intermediate layer were determined. It was found that application of PANI nanofibers resulted in improvement of electrode performance (among others, better stability and reversibility of the electrode potential). The obtained sensors were characterized by a high slope of the calibration curve, a wide measuring range and a fast response time. Moreover, they were insensitive to change of redox potential, as well as light and the presence of oxygen in the solution, what is important from a practical point of view. They were also successfully used for nitrate determination in real environmental samples.
Highlights
IntroductionThanks to their numerous technical advantages (easy operation of the equipment, speed of analysis, cheap apparatus, no need for special preparation of liquid samples) and analytical ones (very good selectivity, low detection limits) potentiometric methods are still very popular, especially in environmental chemistry (De Marco et al 2007; Crespo 2017)
Thanks to their numerous technical advantages and analytical ones potentiometric methods are still very popular, especially in environmental chemistry (De Marco et al 2007; Crespo 2017)
This study described the properties of synthesized polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers doped with chloride (PANINFsCl) and nitrate (PANINFs-NO3) ions and their use as solid contact in ion-selective electrodes sensitive to nitrate ions
Summary
Thanks to their numerous technical advantages (easy operation of the equipment, speed of analysis, cheap apparatus, no need for special preparation of liquid samples) and analytical ones (very good selectivity, low detection limits) potentiometric methods are still very popular, especially in environmental chemistry (De Marco et al 2007; Crespo 2017). Air bubbles could have occurred inside such an electrode and it was necessary to replenish the solution which, when leaking into the sample solution, could cause an artificial increase in the detection limit by triggering an increase in the concentration of the analyte (main ion) in the nearest sample-electrode layer The solution in this case was to eliminate of internal solution (coated-wire electrodes); this was associated with deterioration in the stability and reversibility of the electrode potential as a result of the direct connection of two materials with different conductivity, notably the substrate electrode (electronic conductivity) and the ion-selective membrane (ionic conductivity), blocking the flow of charge at the interface (Bobacka 2006).
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