All-solid-state polymeric membrane ion-selective miniaturized electrodes based on a nanoporous gold film as solid contact.

Abstract

A new type of all-solid-state polymeric membrane ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) is developed by using a nanoporous gold (NPG) film as solid contact. The NPG film is in situ formed on the surface of a gold wire electrode by the multicyclic electrochemical alloying/dealloying method. The characteristics of the NPG film, such as the large surface area, high double layer capacitance, and good conductivity, have been demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The NPG film offers a well-defined interface between the electronic conductor and the ion-selective membrane. The NPG film-based all-solid-state K(+) ISE shows a stable Nernstian response within the concentration range from 10(-6) to 10(-2) M, and the detection limit is 4.0 × 10(-7) M. The proposed electrode exhibits an improved potential stability with a reduced water layer in comparison with the coated-wire K(+)-ISE, which is due to the bicontinuous electron- and ion-conducting properties of the ionophore-doped polymeric membrane/NPG film interlayer. Unlike the additionally coated intermediate layers as single-use solid contacts, the in situ formed NPG film as solid contact is reusable. This work provides a versatile method for fabricating the robust, reliable, and low-maintenance miniaturized ISEs.