Abstract
This work describes the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in medicine and its influence on the work and life environment. Nuclear magnetic resonance, a powerful research tool, is based on the physical principle that cores of certain atoms (in this case hydrogen) can absorb or emit radiofrequency waves when placed in a magnetic field. This method is used for making high quality section pictures of the inside of the human body; in addition, it shows high sensitivity in revealing cancer, its position and its relation to the surrounding tissue. It is characterised by the use of non-ionizing radiation and a strong magnetic field, and, as explored by now, it does not have harmful effects on the human body. Therefore, it is completely noninvasive, comfortable and safe for patients as well for medical workers.
Highlights
The phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was discovered in 1946 by two independent research groups from Stanford and Harward who detected the NMR signal in condensed matter (Bloch, 1946, pp.127), (Purcell, 1946, pp.37-38)
After the emission of the radiofrequency waves (RF) signal, which is of the same frequency as the one with which the protons precess around the direction of the magnetic field, the protons from the lower energy state jump to the higher one followed by the relaxation process of returning of the proton into the lower energy state with the emission of electromagnetic waves of the same frequency
In some cases, when pancreatic tumours are small and cannot be detected by CT or NMR, additional examination is performed by endoscopic ultrasound, or intraoperative ultrasound can be used for small endocrine tumours (Figure 3)
Summary
The phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was discovered in 1946 by two independent research groups from Stanford and Harward who detected the NMR signal in condensed matter (Bloch, 1946, pp.127), (Purcell, 1946, pp.). Bloch and E.M. Purcell, were awarded the Nobel prize for physics in 1952. It became a powerful research tool in different areas, from physics and chemistry, to biochemistry. It has been sucessfully applied in medical visualization for obtaining high quality section pictures of the inside of the human body. In this fileld, it reached its peak in 2003, when the Nobel prize for medicine was awarded to P. Mansfield for a discovery regarding soft tissue images taken by NMR. We will review the principle of NMR, its application in medicine, and its influence on the work and life environment
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