Abstract
The European Union is planning a new program to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. In this context, the Icelandic government plans to ban new registrations of fossil fuel cars after 2030 as one of the strategies to make Iceland a carbon-neutral country by 2040. Upgraded biogas can be directly used in vehicles with CNG engines, reducing CO2 emissions by 80%. In this paper, several alternatives of biogas plants, simulated in previous research, were evaluated by considering techno-economic and environmental criteria through the application of multi-criteria decision-making tools. Twelve alternatives were analyzed using the Definite 3.1 software. A weighted summation algorithm, which transforms all criteria into the same scale by multiplying them by weights and then summing them to obtain the results, was used in the analysis. The multi-criteria analysis of the twelve proposed alternatives included eleven criteria (three technical, five economic, and three environmental) whose weights were changed in a total of eleven scenarios. From a global perspective, when all criteria were considered (9.1% weight) the best alternative with a score of 0.58 was the single-stage biogas plant working with municipal solid waste. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses also demonstrated that the multi-criteria results obtained were robust and reliable.
Highlights
The EU has announced an ambitious plan to reduce GHG emissions to 80–95% below1990 levels by 2050 [1]
Biogas yield was chosen because all the literature consulted agrees that it is a key parameter at any Anaerobic digestion (AD) biogas plant [35,36,37,38]
The complexity, heterogeneity, andin seasonality residues collected in one located in the highest position (i.e., Figure 5a, of thethe redorganic line that corresponds to the the metropolitan area of Reykjavik and the significant amount of technical, economic, and MSW-1S alternative is the best solution when the weight of biogas yield reaches between 0 environmental parameters resulting from the biogas plant simulated in Aspen Plus makes and 70%)
Summary
The EU has announced an ambitious plan to reduce GHG emissions to 80–95% below1990 levels by 2050 [1]. The EU has announced an ambitious plan to reduce GHG emissions to 80–95% below. There are several alternatives for reducing GHG emissions, among them, the EU strategy proposes intensifying the use of biomass. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic compounds to produce biogas is a promising alternative for biomass utilization. AD is a biological process where organic matter is biodegraded under anaerobic conditions, leading to the production of biogas along with a digestate [6]. Recent studies used the SD in bioethanol production [10] or in construction materials such as medium density fiberboards and wood–plastic composites [11]. Upgraded biogas can be used in various applications such as in the production of electricity, heat and steam generation in households and industry, injection into the natural gas grid, and as a vehicular fuel [12,13]
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