Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are two innovative classes of porous coordination polymers. MOFs are three-dimensional materials made up of secondary building blocks comprised of metal ions/clusters and organic ligands whereas COFs are 2D or 3D highly porous organic solids made up by light elements (i.e., H, B, C, N, O). Both MOFs and COFs, being highly conjugated scaffolds, are very promising as photoactive materials for applications in photocatalysis and artificial photosynthesis because of their tunable electronic properties, high surface area, remarkable light and thermal stability, easy and relative low-cost synthesis, and structural versatility. These properties make them perfectly suitable for photovoltaic application: throughout this review, we summarize recent advances in the employment of both MOFs and COFs in emerging photovoltaics, namely dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) organic photovoltaic (OPV) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs). MOFs are successfully implemented in DSSCs as photoanodic material or solid-state sensitizers and in PSCs mainly as hole or electron transporting materials. An innovative paradigm, in which the porous conductive polymer acts as standing-alone sensitized photoanode, is exploited too. Conversely, COFs are mostly implemented as photoactive material or as hole transporting material in PSCs.
Highlights
In the last decades, the demand for sustainable clean energy sources, solar energy, has constantly raised
Could be employed for these different roles. While such classes of materials have already been thoroughly revised in some recent reviews [16,17], in this context, we aim at reviewing the application of two new classes of materials, namely metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) [18] and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) [19], in hybrid photovoltaic technologies
For in thisPSCs reason, they can be used in many areas: fromascapture, as a hole transporting layer (HTL) chemical combining with PTAA
Summary
The demand for sustainable clean energy sources, solar energy, has constantly raised. Could be employed for these different roles While such classes of materials have already been thoroughly revised in some recent reviews [16,17], in this context, we aim at reviewing the application of two new classes of materials, namely metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) [18] and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) [19], in hybrid photovoltaic technologies. We review and critically discuss recent advancement in the application of MOFs and COFs storage or catalysis, their optoelectronics and energy storage/conversion properties as active materials in emerging photovoltaic technology. MW and RT synthesis could be usefully employed in the laboratory scale; on the other hand, massive synthesis method could be implemented for industrial production of COFs. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) [71,72] are among the more studied photovoltaic devices among hybrid photovoltaic technologies. From the conduction band of TiO2 , the electron flows through an external circuit reaching the counter-electrode where it is used to reduce the oxidized species of the redox mediator allowing to close the electronic circuit and produce energy [85]
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