Abstract
To predict ablation, charring, and erosion of heat-shield materials, approximate heat balance integral (HBI) methods offer speed and versatility; however, traditional HBI articles treat only simple, idealized models of material response. This paper reviews application of HBI methods to more realistic models of material response, specifically, for carbon-carbon and carbon-phenolic heat shields on reentry vehicles. The review shows that HBI successfully extends to most such simulations of ablation, charring, and erosion in hypersonic flow, but unexpected problems can crop up and trade-offs exist. Pertinent material models are also summarized, including efficient expressions that fit material thermal properties and carbon-air thermochemical ablation functions.
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