Abstract
The concentration of hazardous pollutants in the wastewater streams has to keep below a certain level in order to comply with the stringent environmental laws. The conventional technologies for wastewater treatment have drawbacks in terms of limited applicability and efficiency. Utilization of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) reactors for the degradation of pollutants at large scale has shown considerable promise over last few years, due to higher energy efficiencies and low cost operation based on lower consumption of chemicals for the treatment. The present work overviews the degradation of different pollutants, such as pharmaceuticals, pesticide, phenolic derivatives and dyes, as well as the treatment of real industrial effluents using hybrid methods based on HC viz. HC/H2O2, HC/Ozone, HC/Fenton, HC/Ultraviolet irradiations (UV), and HC coupled with biological oxidation. Furthermore, based on the literature reports, recommendations for the selection of optimum operating parameters, such as inlet pressure, solution temperature, initial pH and initial pollutant concentration have been discussed in order to maximize the process intensification benefits. Moreover, hybrid methods based on HC has been demonstrated to show good synergism as compared to individual treatment approach. Overall, high energy efficient wastewater treatment can be achieved using a combined treatment approach based on HC under optimized conditions.
Highlights
Over the last few years, the contamination of water has created significant environmental concerns, due to organic, as well as inorganic, substances
hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) alone resulted in 17% of total organic carbon (TOC)and 12% of chemical oxidation demand (COD)reduction with 25% of decolorization
HC + Oxygen resulted in 48% of TOC, 33% of Chemical oxidation demand (COD), 62% of decolorization
Summary
Over the last few years, the contamination of water has created significant environmental concerns, due to organic, as well as inorganic, substances. One of the major reasons for the concern, besides the presence of toxic contaminants, is the quantity of effluents generated, based on the fact that a huge amount of water is being utilized by many industrial, agricultural and household activities. The concerns are compounded as many emerging contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals or pesticides, have been detected in aquatic systems, due to the limitations of conventional technologies [1]. Pharmaceuticals being used for many purposes by humans and in animal husbandry are excreted in feces and/or urine as either parent compounds or as metabolites. They can enter into the aquatic system via conventionally treated or even untreated wastewater discharge [2].
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