Abstract
This study aims to apply deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as safe and efficient extraction media that could yield maximized skin-related bioactivities from a mixture of long-lived trees. Ginkgo biloba L., Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl., and Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don, native to Asia, were examined as potential resources of cosmeceutical products. Various DESs synthesized from cosmetics-compatible compounds were used to prepare leaf extracts. A DES containing glycerol and xylitol yielded the highest extractability for isoquercetin, and was selected as the optimal solvent. Isoquercetin has various bioactivities and was found in the extracts of the leaves of all three trees. Then, a series of mixtures of the tree leaves were prepared according to a simplex-centroid mixture design, and their DES-extracts were tested for skin-related activities, including antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-elastase activities. The mixture design resulted in two special cubic models and one quadratic model best fitted for describing the antioxidant and anti-elastase activities, and the anti-tyrosinase activity, respectively. Based on the established models, three different optimal formulations of the three kinds of tree leaves were suggested for maximized responses. The present strategy, which is based on the simplex-centroid mixture design with a DES as the extraction solvent, could be applied to developing new materials from a mixture of natural resources, suitable for the cosmetics and related fields.
Highlights
The skin can be damaged by numerous factors including ultraviolet radiation, smoking, hormonal imbalance, ethanol ingestion, air pollution, and inflammation [1,2]
A series of mixtures of the tree leaves were prepared according to a simplex-centroid mixture design, and their deep eutectic solvents (DESs)-extracts were tested for skin-related activities, including antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-elastase activities
By actively searching for long-lived trees native to Asia that may contain compounds with skin-beneficial effects, we found Ginkgo biloba L. (GB), Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J
Summary
The skin can be damaged by numerous factors including ultraviolet radiation, smoking, hormonal imbalance, ethanol ingestion, air pollution, and inflammation [1,2]. Cosmetics are most relied upon for skin damage prevention because they are more convenient and economical, and have fewer side effects than pharmaceuticals or cosmetic surgery [3]. This has increased the demand for effective cosmeceutical products containing natural bioactive compounds [4]. The need for natural bioactive compound-containing cosmeceutical products might be met by a certain category of plants containing compounds with useful bioactivities in the human skin. By actively searching for long-lived trees native to Asia that may contain compounds with skin-beneficial effects, we found Ginkgo biloba L.
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