Application of COOT algorithm optimized PID plus D2 controller for combined control of frequency and voltage considering renewable energy sources

Abstract

This article presents the combined frequency and voltage regulation of two area interconnected power systems. In addition to conventional generations, renewable energy sources such as wind plants, solar PV plants, and geothermal power plants are considered. The COOT algorithm optimized PID + D2 controller is presented for the first time and its performance found superior to commonly employed PI and PID controllers. The individual and combined effects of the boiler dynamics (BD) non-linearity and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems are presented. Studies confirmed that the BD non-linearity jeopardizes, and the presence of SMES suppresses the system dynamics oscillations. The COOT based PID + D2 controller performs well even for the higher magnitudes of perturbations over the PID controller. Sensitivity analysis confirms the toughness of PID + D2 controller parameter values for widely varied time constants of the geothermal plant. The COOT algorithm optimized PID + D2 controller outperforms the PID controller in arbitrary load pattern perturbation. The COOT algorithm shows better convergence and figure of demerit characteristics compared with particle swarm optimization and firefly algorithms. The obtained simulation results are also tested successfully through OPAL-RT OP4500 RT-LAB-RCP/HIL system for their real-time validation.