Abstract
Box-Behnken design was advantageous to parameters optimization of differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) for the analysis of lead(II) with its high efficiency and accuracy. Five Box-Behnken designs were designed and conducted in the electrolyte of 0.1 mol/L acetate buffer and 0.1 mol/L HCl without the removal of oxygen. Significant parameters and interactions in each electrolyte were found (P-value < 0.05) and their quantitative effects on lead(II) determination were classified into two categories, linear and quadratic. Though significant parameters and interactions were not similar in different kinds of electrolytes, characteristic parameters of differential pulse voltammetry, which were pulse amplitude, pulse width and interval time, were found significant in both electrolytes. After optimization, peak currents and relative standard deviation at 20 μg/L along with detection limits in both electrolytes were superior than before. With the lower detection limit and R.S.D., 0.1 mol/L HCl was a better choice for electrolytes in this work. Meanwhile, with the combination of parameters optimization and background subtraction, the interference of dissolved oxygen for lead(II) determination was eliminated. It was important and necessary to apply Box-Behnken designs in parameters optimization of DPASV for lead(II) determination regardless of the electrolyte kinds.
Highlights
Lead, one of the primary heavy metal pollutants, as well as one of the 10 chemicals of major public health concern proposed by World Health Organization (WHO)[1], is a cumulative toxicant that affects multiple body systems[2] and exists in nature at a relatively low level of which the widespread occurrence in the environment is largely the result of human activity[3]
It was obvious that characteristic parameters of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), including pulse amplitude, pulse width and interval time, through which a DPV was distinct from the other, whether in single or in interaction, affected the peak current significantly in both electrolytes
Parameters, the pH of electrolyte, balance time, pulse amplitude and pulse width, along with interactions, pH × pH and interval time × interval time were found significant (P-value < 0.05) in the electrolyte of 0.1 mol/L acetate buffer, and their quantitative effects were illustrated in Figs 1 and 2
Summary
One of the primary heavy metal pollutants, as well as one of the 10 chemicals of major public health concern proposed by World Health Organization (WHO)[1], is a cumulative toxicant that affects multiple body systems[2] and exists in nature at a relatively low level of which the widespread occurrence in the environment is largely the result of human activity[3]. Comparisons of peak currents, relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) and detection limits before and after parameters optimization in two electrolytes, advantages of Box-Behnken designs and the interference of dissolved oxygen were presented.
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