Abstract
The simultaneous electrochemical determination of Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II) in the aqueous solution has been developed on the basis of the bismuth film glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DP-ASV). The bismuth film electrode (BiFE) was prepared by adding 500 ppb bismuth(III) directly to the sample solution and simultaneously depositing bismuth and the metal analytes on GCE. The optimal operational parameters, namely, accumulation potential (–1.6 V), accumulation time (110 s), pulsed amplitude (0.07 V), and scan rate (0.021 V·s−1), were found using a Box–Behnken design. Under the optimum conditions, a linear relationship exists between the current and the concentration of Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II) in the range between 5.0 ppb and 110.0 ppb with the detection limits of 1.07 for Zn(II), 0.93 ppb for Cd(II), 0.65 ppb for Pb(II), and 0.94 ppb for Cu(II) calculated on the basis of a signal-to-noise ratio equal to 3 (S/N = 3). The interference experiments show that Co(II), Ni(II), and Fe(III) have a little influence on the DP-ASV signals of Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II). In addition, a high reproducibility was indicated from small relative standard deviations (1.03%, 1.74%, 1.32%, and 4.74%) for 25 repeated measurements of 15 ppb copper, lead, cadmium, and zinc solutions. BiFE was successfully applied to determine Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II) in river samples, and the results are in a good agreement with those determined with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS).
Highlights
Heavy metal pollution (Hg(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II)) has become one of the most critical environmental problems today
Heavy metals are nonbiodegradable. ey are found in industrial wastewater, and their discharge to the environment is alarming owing to their acute toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial life, including humans [1]
Li et al [16] reported the simultaneous detection of ultratrace lead and cadmium by square wave stripping voltammetry with in situ depositing bismuth at the Nafion-medical stone-doped disposable electrode, and the assay results of heavy metals in wastewater with the proposed method were in a good agreement with the atomic absorption spectroscopy method
Summary
Heavy metal pollution (Hg(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II)) has become one of the most critical environmental problems today. E most widely used methods for heavy metal determination include atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) [8], flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) [9], inductivelycoupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) [10], graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS), and X-ray fluorescence [11], and they are employed currently for trace analysis of heavy metals Among these methods, anodic stripping voltammetry approaches are an emerging and attractive method because the main advantages of this technique can be ordered as high selectivity, sensitivity, in situ operation, and low cost. Li et al [16] reported the simultaneous detection of ultratrace lead and cadmium by square wave stripping voltammetry with in situ depositing bismuth at the Nafion-medical stone-doped disposable electrode, and the assay results of heavy metals in wastewater with the proposed method were in a good agreement with the atomic absorption spectroscopy method. BiFE displays well-defined, sharp, and highly reproducible stripping peaks for low (ppb) concentrations of copper, lead, cadmium, and zinc over a low background current. e simultaneous determination of copper, lead, cadmium, and zinc in real samples was addressed
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