Abstract
Recently, power system customers have changed the way they interact with public networks, playing a more and more active role. End-users first installed local small-size generating units, and now they are being equipped with storage devices to increase the selfconsumption rate. By suitably managing local resources, the provision of ancillary services and aggregations among several end-users are expected evolutions in the near future. In the upcoming market of household-sized storage devices, sodium-nickel chloride technology seems to be an interesting alternative to lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries. To accurately investigate the operation of the NaNiCl2 battery system at the residential level, a suitable thermoelectric model has been developed by the authors, starting from the results of laboratory tests. The behavior of the battery internal temperature has been characterized. Then, the designed model has been used to evaluate the economic profitability in installing a storage system in the case that end-users are already equipped with a photovoltaic unit. To obtain realistic results, real field measurements of customer consumption and solar radiation have been considered. A concrete interest in adopting the sodiumnickel chloride technology at the residential level is confirmed, taking into account the achievable benefits in terms of economic income, back-up supply, and increased indifference to the evolution of the electricity market.
Highlights
The climate changes experienced in the last decades and the ever-increasing awareness of greenhouse gases are incentivizing the exploitation of renewable energy sources (RESes), in particular sun and wind, as alternatives to fossil fuels in electrical energy generation, as reported by the International Energy Agency (IEA) in Reference [1]
An integrated design is required for modern PV-BESS systems, which have the role of suitably managing the power flow of the active customer, e.g., (i) to optimize the generation, i.e., performing the maximum power point (MPP) tracking for maximizing the PV power output; (ii) to interact with the batteries, which are suggested to be locally sited to minimize the cable length; (iii) to supply the end-user internal loads, eventually classifying them as primary and secondary appliances in the case of an intentional islanded operation; and (iv) to exchange power surplus and deficit with the public network, eventually according to market signal or ancillary services requests from the distribution system operator (DSO) in the near future
The procedure suitably takes into account the mutual self-consumption) and its thermal behavior
Summary
The climate changes experienced in the last decades and the ever-increasing awareness of greenhouse gases are incentivizing the exploitation of renewable energy sources (RESes), in particular sun and wind, as alternatives to fossil fuels in electrical energy generation, as reported by the International Energy Agency (IEA) in Reference [1]. An integrated design is required for modern PV-BESS systems, which have the role of suitably managing the power flow of the active customer, e.g., (i) to optimize the generation, i.e., performing the maximum power point (MPP) tracking for maximizing the PV power output; (ii) to interact with the batteries, which are suggested to be locally sited to minimize the cable length; (iii) to supply the end-user internal loads, eventually classifying them as primary and secondary appliances in the case of an intentional islanded operation; and (iv) to exchange power surplus and deficit with the public network, eventually according to market signal or ancillary services requests from the DSO in the near future.
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