Abstract
Due to pervasive and resilient soil contaminants, heterogeneously contaminated soil poses unpredictable potential threats to ecosystems. In this study, the extension of a previously developed soil algae pipe assay for evaluating heterogeneously contaminated soil under an open system is described. The assay can be used in soil that is heterogeneously contaminated with silver nanoparticles in combination with the examination of morphological changes (e.g., in vivo chlorophyll a, cell granularity, cell size, and mucilaginous sheath) and lipid contents. In addition, we attempted to extend the exposure duration under an open system. We evaluated the applicability of this soil algae pipe assay using green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exposed to heterogeneous and homogeneous polyvinylpyrrolidone capping silver nanoparticles in contaminated soils. The results demonstrated that this method is an applicable bioassay that can be employed to better evaluate soil algal toxicity under an open system, with significant changes in the measured endpoints. The developed assay showed decent predictivity, which can be a useful tool when evaluating heterogeneous soil algae contamination.
Highlights
To evaluate the impact of pollutants in the soil environment, it is important to recognize the significance of an integrated approach with real bioavailability via bioassay, as well as measured pollutants via chemical analysis [1]
In a previous study [11], we presented a decrease in in vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence for green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii after exposure to heavy metal-contaminated soils by a soil algae pipe assay
The formation of mucilaginous sheaths enlarged from C. reinhardtii cells were exhibited in the control and AgNP-contaminated soil period in Bold’s Basal medium and analyzed using flow cytometry (FACSCalibur, BD Biosciences, NJ, USA)
Summary
To evaluate the impact of pollutants in the soil environment, it is important to recognize the significance of an integrated approach with real bioavailability via bioassay, as well as measured pollutants via chemical analysis [1]. In a previous study [11], we presented a decrease in in vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence for green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii after exposure to heavy metal-contaminated soils by a soil algae pipe assay. Sci. 2022, 12, 1890 experiment to evaluate its applicability in the following two cases: (1) when applied to an to evaluate its applicability in the following two cases: (1) when applied to an extended extended exposure duration under the open system; (2) when applied to a heterogeneexposure duration under the open system; (2) when applied to a heterogeneously contamiously contaminated soil, along with the examination of cell granularity, cell size, and lipid nated soil, along with the examination of cell granularity, cell size, and lipid contents using contents using flow cytometry after a soil algae pipe assay. C. reinhardtii is widely dispersed in freshwater and soil and has soil and has been used as a soil test species in previous studies [7,11,22].
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