Apoptosis Induction in Human Leukemia Cell Lines by Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized Using the Green Biosynthetic Approach

Farideh Namvar,Max Stanley Chartrand,Heshu Sulaiman Rahman,Abdullah Rasedee,Rosfarizan Mohamad,Paridah Mohd Tahir,Swee Keong Yeap,Susan Azizi

doi:10.1155/2015/642621

Abstract

Gold nanoparticles were grown onSargassum muticumwater extract (S-GNPs) using the green biosynthetic approach. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The resulting S-GNPs were spherical and crystalline with a size of <10 nm. Thein vitroanticancer activity was demonstrated in human leukemia cell lines. The cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of S-GNPs, and calorimetric (MTT) assay used for the cytotoxicity test, which resulted in an IC50value of 4.22 ± 1.12, 5.71 ± 1.4, 6.55 ± 0.9, and 7.29 ± 1.7 μg/mL for each of the K562, HL-60, Jurkat, and CEM-ss cells, respectively. Thus, the K562 was selected for the next experiments. Furthermore, apoptosis induction was confirmed by Hoechst 33342, annexin V staining, and caspase-3/-9 activity tests. The cell cycle analysis exhibited a significant increase in the accumulation of S-GNPs treated cells at the sub-G1 phase, demonstrating the induction of apoptosis by S-GNPs. The nature of the inhibition of cancer cell growth by S-GNPs could open the way for further research in the design of green synthesis therapeutic agents, particularly in nanomedicine, for the treatment of cancer.

Highlights

Cancer, after heart disease and stroke, is the third leading cause of death in developing countries
Gold (III) compounds show varying degrees of cytotoxicity to a variety of cells [35]. These results clearly demonstrated that the biomedical active components such as fucoxanthin within seaweed provide a nontoxic coating on Gold nanoparticles (GNPs)
Our results showed that S-GNPs possess selective cytotoxicity towards human leukemia cells, which induce apoptosis in a time-dependent manner

Summary

Introduction

After heart disease and stroke, is the third leading cause of death in developing countries. According to WHO, cancers account for approximately 13.3% of deaths and are expected to rise by at least 50% worldwide over the 20 years [1]. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have great potential in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer [2]. For the preferred synthesis shape and size of GNPs there is a challenging and important mission with improvements of simple and flexible eco-friendly preparation methods. The use of nontoxic and eco-friendly materials via green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is Journal of Nanomaterials being investigated to eliminate all possible biological risks in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications [3]. Seaweed is a functional food and medicinal herb, the use of which dates back at least 5,000 years in ancient China [8]

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