Abstract
Background: In recent years, the use of tobacco in Indonesia increasingly varied in the forms and methods of consumption, one of which is shisha. Smoking shisha is increasingly popular due to a misperception that smoking shisha is harmless and lack of knowledge about the effects of shisha smoking in oral health.Literature analysis: “PubMed” used as a search tool to identify all empirical studies related to the effects of shisha smoking on health, especially in oral cavity.Discussion: Shisha smoke contained various toxic substances such as Nicotine, Tobacco Specifc Nitrosamines, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Volatile Organic Compounds, Carbon Monoxide, Tar, and high-temperature metal heating causing shisha smoke contained toxic heavy metals such as arsenic, nickel, cobalt, chromium, lead, and cadmium. The content of these toxic substances showed that smoked shisha is associated with dependence, acute and long-term negative health effects similar to cigarette smoking. Toxic substances may cause various infections of microorganism such as Candida sp, Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1), Epstein Barr Virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Human Immunodefciency Virus; Oral mucosal changes such as Hairy Tongue, Smoker’s Melanosis, Nicotine Stomatitis, Frictional Keratosis, Fissured Tongues, gingival or periodontal inflammation, and leukodema; and lead to malignant lesions such as Keratosis, Leukoplakia, Erythroplakia, Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Lichenoid Lesions.Conclusion: Smoking shisha gives bad impact for human health especiallyoral health. Shisha smoking can lead to the development of various infectious diseases and potentially lead to malignancy in the oral mucosa. These foundings breaks the belief that shisha smoking is safe for health.
Highlights
the use of tobacco in Indonesia increasingly varied in the forms and methods of consumption
as a search tool to identify all empirical studies related to the effects of shisha smoking
The content of these toxic substances showed that smoked shisha is associated with dependence
Summary
4800 jenis sedangkan 69 zat diantaranya adalah karsinogen (zat kimia yang diketahui menyebabkan kanker), dan beberapa lainnya merupakan pencetus tumor atau kokarsinogen. Hal tersebut menunjukkan PAH dengan berat molekul lebih tinggi tampak lebih banyak ditemukan pada asap shisha daripada sigaret. Karena PAH yang berat molekulnya lebih tinggi umumnya bersifat karsinogenik (misalnya benzo[a]pyrene dan benz[a]antrasena), kecenderungan ini menunjukkan bahwa risiko kanker yang disebabkan oleh PAH mungkin lebih tinggi pada perokok shisha daripada perokok sigaret.[9]. 4. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Paparan benzena merupakan karsinogen yang terbukti terkait dengan leukemia dan kanker paru-paru tampak jauh lebih tinggi saat merokok shisha dibandingkan sigaret. 5. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Seperti dilaporkan dalam penelitian sebelumnya, asupan CO jauh lebih tinggi saat merokok shisha, mungkin karena arang pembakaran ditempatkan di atas campuran tembakau buah yang mengoksidasi zat dalam produk dan menghasilkan aerosol yang dapat dihirup. Pemanasan metal pada temperatur tinggi menyebabkan asap shisha mengandung sejumlah logam berat beracun yang signifikan lebih tinggi seperti arsenik, nikel, kobalt, kromium, timbal dan kadmium, dibandingkan dengan asap rokok sigaret. Fakta-fakta tentang asap shisha ini menjadi “peringatan keras” bahwa merokok shisha sangat berbahaya.[1,2]
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