Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an important transboundary disease of domestic and wild cloven hoofed animals. Both, innate and adaptive immunity play an important role in combating FMDV infection. Interferons, CD4+ helper cells and CD8+ cells are the key factors in developing anti-FMDV immunity inside host’s body. In this review a detail of FMDV pathogenesis and anti-FMDV immunity has been discussed in detail.
Highlights
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically important disease of domestic and wild cloven hoofed animals
The disease is caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) which belongs to genus Aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae [1]
The principal receptor used by field strains of FMDV to initiate infection is αvβ6 integrin which is due to its epithelial cell restricted expression [9,10,11,12]
Summary
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically important disease of domestic and wild cloven hoofed animals. The principal receptor used by field strains of FMDV to initiate infection is αvβ integrin which is due to its epithelial cell restricted expression [9,10,11,12]. Pigs can clear infection and do not turn into carriers [3], in some studies live virus was been isolated till 14 days of infection from tissues like tonsil, spleen, thymus and lymphnodes [35]. There is no experimental evidence of virus transmission from carrier cattle or sheep to uninfected animals [46]. The only evidence available for virus transmission from a carrier to a susceptible animal is from African buffalo to cattle during the outbreaks in Zimbabwe in 1989 and 1991 [47]. It has been reported that FMD transmission can occur sexually from infected buffalo harbouring virus in oesophageal-pharyngeal (OP) fluids to uninfected cattle [48]
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