Anti-urolithiatic and anti-inflammatory activities through a different mechanism of actions of Cissus gongylodes corroborated its ethnopharmacological historic

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Ethnopharmacological relevanceSpecies Cissus gongylodes has been used in the traditional medicine in South America and India for the treatment of urolithiasis, biliary and inflammatory problems without any scientific evidence.Aim of the study: This work was developed to investigate for the first time the anti-inflammatory and anti-urolithiatic activities of leaf decoction of C. gongylodes. Materials and methodsDecoction was subjected to anti-inflammatory evaluation by the in vivo assay of ear oedema and quantification of the main mediators of inflammation PGE2 and LTB4, and the cytokine TNF-α. The decoction's anti-urolithiatic activity was determined by different in vitro assays to evaluate the inhibition and dissolution of the most prevalent types of kidney stones: calcium oxalate (CaOx) and struvite. Diffusion in gel technique and fresh urine of a patient with renal stone were used to investigate the inhibition and dissolution of CaOx, respectively, and the single diffusion gel growth technique was used to evaluate the inhibition and dissolution of struvite crystals. The decoction was chemically characterized by UHPLC-ESI-HRMS analysis. ResultsDecoction showed in vivo anti-inflammatory activity by potent decreasing the level of both the main mediators of inflammation and dose-dependent in vitro anti-urolithiatic action by inhibition and dissolution of both type of crystals, CaOx and struvite. ConclusionsResults obtained corroborate the reports of the traditional use of the decoction of Cissus gongylodes. Besides, it showed multi-target mechanisms actions, inhibition of the main inflammatory pathways, and inhibition/dissolution of the most prevalent types of crystals on urolithiasis. These actions make the decoction a promissory source to the development of new and more efficient drugs.