Abstract
Ipomoea imperati is widely used in tropical areas to treat several pathological conditions. The effect of this plant against parasitic species has not been investigated even being used for this purpose in the Brazilian northeastern. This study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic and acaricide potential of a hydroethanolic extract of I. imperati leaves and stolons. I. imperati leaves and stolons were crushed and subjected to maceration in ethanol 70% (v/v), after which the solvent was removed using a rotary evaporator. The chromatographic profile of the extract was obtained by UV Spectrum high-performance liquid chromatography and compounds were identified by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Identification of the compounds present in the extract was achieved by comparing their retention times and UV spectra with data in the literature. Anthelmintic activity was evaluated by larval exsheathment inhibition assays using Haemonchus contortus larvae and five concentrations of each extract ranging from 0.07 to 1.2 mg/mL. Acaricide activity was evaluated via larval immersion of Rhipicephalus microplus in eight concentrations of each extract ranging from 5.0 to 25.0 mg/mL. Live and dead larvae were counted after 24 hours. The median inhibitory concentration (IC50) for H. contortus larvae and the median lethal concentration (LC50) for R. microplus larvae were calculated. Twelve compounds were observed in the hydroethanolic extract of leaves, with a predominance of the aglycone form of flavonoids and tannins. This extract was effective against H. contortus larvae, presenting an average inhibitory concentration of 0.22 mg/mL, but showed no activity toward R. microplus larvae. The stolon hydroethanolic extract presented 11 compounds, with phenolic acids and glycosylated flavonoids prevailing. This extract showed low activity on R. microplus and no effect on inhibiting H. contortus larval exsheathment at the concentrations tested. This study is the first to assess the anthelmintic and acaricidal activities of I. imperati. Data reported confirm promising potential of I. imperati leaves hydroethanolic extract against H. contortus. This effect could be due to its secondary compounds presents in this extract, such as procyanidin, kaempferol, isoquercitrin and rutin.
Highlights
Parasitic infestations impose major limitations to the development of livestock, resulting in substantial losses in global productivity [1]
In the face of the reports of indications of popular use for parasitic control and the lack of experimental verification regarding at antiparasitic property of this species, the present study aims to investigate differences in the chemical composition and effectiveness of extracts of different parts of I. imperati against the tick R. microplus and the nematode H. contortus
The present study evaluated the antiparasitic effects of separately prepared hydroethanolic extracts of I. imperati leaves and stolons against larvae of the nematode H. contortus and of the tick R. microplus
Summary
Parasitic infestations impose major limitations to the development of livestock, resulting in substantial losses in global productivity [1]. The tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1887) and the gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) Cobb, 1898 are among the main parasites infecting cattle and small ruminant, respectively [2, 3] These parasites are prominent in tropical and subtropical areas [4, 5] and cause damage to animals that leads to significant economic loss due to the reduction in productivity as well as to the expense of parasitic control [2, 3, 6]. Ipomoea of the family Convolvulaceae is notable due to its abundant species richness, comprising between 600 and 700 species that are largely concentrated in the Americas [11] Many of these species are used empirically in the treatment of several pathological conditions, but relevant properties have only been investigated for a few of these species [12]. A perennial herb that is stoloniferous and halophytic, with a white gamopetalous corolla and oblong leaves, I. imperati occurs most frequently in the area near the sea, occupying coastal dunes [14, 15, 16, 17]
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