Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated as critical pathogenic factors contributing to the etiology of diabetic retinopathy and other retinal diseases. This study investigated antioxidative effect of ascorbic acid and astaxanthin on ARPE-19 cells within an oxidative stress model induced by common biological sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at concentrations of 0.1–0.8 mM and 20–100 mJ/cm2 of ultraviolet B (UVB) were treated to ARPE-19 cells. Cell viability and intracellular ROS level changes were measured. With the sublethal and lethal dose of each inducers, 0–750 μM of ascorbic acid and 0–40 μM of astaxanthin were treated to examine antioxidative effect on the model. Ascorbic acid at concentrations of 500 and 750 μM increased the cell viability not only in the UVB model but also in the H2O2 model, but 20 and 40 μM of astaxanthin only did so in the UVB model. The combination of ascorbic acid and astaxanthin showed better antioxidative effect compared to each drug alone, suggesting a synergistic effect.
Highlights
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular consequence of diabetes mellitus and remains the leading cause of blindness among the working-age population [1]
Studies have found the relationship between oxidative stress and DR that oxidative stress plays a role in pathogenesis of DR and DR can increase the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level
The results of this study showed that antioxidants treatment resulted in significantly improved cell viability which is perhaps due to the improved mitochondrial function, improved cellular attachment performance, and increased growth rate of the cells
Summary
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular consequence of diabetes mellitus and remains the leading cause of blindness among the working-age population [1]. Studies have found the relationship between oxidative stress and DR that oxidative stress plays a role in pathogenesis of DR and DR can increase the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Hyperglycemia is thought to be one of the main causes of the disease and higher level of oxidative stress can accelerate the process by blocking the downstream flow of glycolysis [3,4]. DR increases oxidative stress because high glucose level and retinal vascularization by diabetic induction elevate arginase activity which later increases oxidative stress [5]. As the relationship between ROS and various retinal pathogenesis have been studied, defense mechanisms against ROS have been studied [6,7,8,9,10,11]. Organisms have defense mechanisms against oxygen metabolites and the mechanism includes removal of free radicals by enzymes, proteins, and pro-oxidant metal reactions, and reduction of free radicals by antioxidants
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