Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are noxious to cells because their increased level interacts with the body’s defense mechanism. These species also cause mutations and uncontrolled cell division, resulting in oxidative stress (OS). Prolonged oxidative stress is responsible for incorrect protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), causing a stressful condition, ER stress. These cellular stresses (oxidative stress and ER stress) are well-recognized biological factors that play a prominent role in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is a critical global health problem and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The application of anti-oxidants from herbal sources significantly reduces oxidative stress. Kaempferol (KP) is a naturally occurring, aglycone dietary flavonoid that is present in various plants (Crocus sativus, Coccinia grandis, Euphorbia pekinensis, varieties of Aloe vera, etc.) It is capable of interacting with pleiotropic proteins of the human body. Efforts are in progress to develop KP as a potential candidate to prevent HCC with no adverse effects. This review emphasizes the molecular mechanism of KP for treating HCC, targeting oxidative stress.
Highlights
Kaempferol is a yellow-colored dietary flavonoid, present in numerous fruits and vegetables including apples (Malus domestica), aloe (Aloe vera), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), broccoli (Brassica oleracea), carrot (Daucus carota), gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa), strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa), saffron (Crocus sativus), tea (Camellia sinensis), and honey (Apis mellifera) [1,2,3,4,5]
This review summarizes the mechanism of the antioxidant potential of kaempferol in treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
Kaempferol has been introduced into medical research due to its cancer-preventive activity
Summary
Kaempferol is a yellow-colored dietary flavonoid, present in numerous fruits and vegetables including apples (Malus domestica), aloe (Aloe vera), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), broccoli (Brassica oleracea), carrot (Daucus carota), gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa), strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa), saffron (Crocus sativus), tea (Camellia sinensis), and honey (Apis mellifera) [1,2,3,4,5]. It is a potent scavenger of ROS that works subtoxic concentration), enhances the efficacy sorafenib chemotherapy [23] It ispotential a potentof norma ducing cellular oxidative stressof[24]. Overproduction ofUV, ROSheavy due to endogenous (e.g., and oxygen-handling and exogenous reactions (e.g., metals, and micronutrients)chondria, or inefficient/exhausted antioxidants leads to oxidative [27]. Oxygen-handling enzymes) stress and exogenous lead to the development of metals, various chronic diseases such as diseases antioxidants [29,30], UV, heavy and micronutrients) or cardiovascular inefficient/exhausted lea neurodegenerative diseases [31,32], allergy [33], to and oxidative stress [27] It may lead thecarcinogenesis development [34]. This review summarizes the mechanism of the antioxidant potential of kaempferol in treating HCC
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