Abstract
Urolithiasis is characterized by the formation and retention of solid crystals within the urinary tract. Kidney stones are mostly composed of calcium oxalate, which predominantly generates free radicals that are toxic to renal tubular cells. The aim of the study is to explore possible effects of antioxidant pre-treatment on inhibition of oxidative stress. Three cell lines were used as in vitro model of urolithiasis: MDCK I, MDCK II and LLC-PK1. Oxidative stress was induced by exposure of cells to sodium oxalate in concentration of 8 mM. In order to prevent oxidative stress, cells were pre-treated with three different concentrations of l-arginine and vitamin E. Oxidative stress was evaluated by determining the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), osteopontin (OPN), and by the concentration of glutathione (GSH). In all three cell lines, pre-treatment of antioxidants increased cell survival. Positive correlation of SOD and OPN expression as well as GSH concentration was observed in all groups of cells. Our results indicate that an antioxidant pre-treatment with l-arginine and vitamin E is able to hamper oxalate-induced oxidative stress in kidney epithelial cells and as such could play a role in prevention of urolithiasis.
Highlights
Urolithiasis is characterized by the creation of solid deposits inside of the urinary tract
To show effects of L-arginine on cell survival, cells were pretreated with L-arginine in appropriate concentrations overnight, on the second day the medium was changed and sodium oxalate was added and treated overnight
In Madin-Darby canine kidney cells subtype I (MDCK I) cell line survival of oxalate-alone treated cells was 55% compared to 0.05 ng/mL L-arginine pretreated cells 69% (p = 0.03)
Summary
Urolithiasis is characterized by the creation of solid deposits inside of the urinary tract. It continues to be an important factor in chronic renal disease leading to chronic tubular interstitial nephritis, which is involved in 15%–20% of end-stage chronic kidney insufficiency [1]. In the last forty years, the prevalence and incidence of urolithiasis has been increasing [3], mostly due to dietary [4] and climate changes [5]. The mechanism of higher temperatures causing urolithiasis is related to heat-induced sweating, leading to reduction in urinary volume concentrating relatively insoluble salts [7]. Dietary changes have led to an increase in body weight, which had been related to the
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