Abstract
To investigate the role of tannin-enriched extracts of Ecklonia cava (TEE) on the regulation of oxidative balance and laxative activity in chronic constipation, we investigated alterations after exposure to TEE, on constipation phenotypes, muscarinic cholinergic regulation, and oxidative stress responses in the transverse colons of SD rats with loperamide (Lop)-induced constipation. This extract contains high levels of total condensed tannin content (326.5 mg/g), and exhibited high inhibitory activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. TEE treatment induced significant improvements in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) phosphorylation in primary smooth muscles of rat intestine cells (pRISMCs) and transverse colon of constipation model. Also, Lop+TEE treated groups showed alleviated outcomes for the following: most stool parameters, gastrointestinal transit, and intestine length were remarkably recovered; a similar recovery pattern was observed in the histopathological structure, mucin secretion, water channel expression and gastrointestinal hormones secretion in the transverse colon; expressions of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors M2/M3 (mAChR M2/M3) and their mediators on muscarinic cholinergic regulation were significantly recovered. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence that TEE stimulates oxidative stress modulation and muscarinic cholinergic regulation when exerting its laxative effects in chronic constipation models.
Highlights
Oxidative stress is the outcome due to an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular anti-oxidant defenses in the body, resulting in serious damage to various cells and tissues, as well as inducing numerous chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes and inflammation [1]
These results indicate that tannin-enriched extracts of Ecklonia cava (TEE) is a tannin-enriched extract with potentially high antioxidant activity
Since several tannin-containing natural products have been implicated in alleviating the symptoms of constipation [8, 10,11,12], we undertook to investigate the antioxidative activity and laxative effects of TEE in Lop-induced constipated Sprague Dawley (SD) rats
Summary
Oxidative stress is the outcome due to an imbalance between the production of ROS and intracellular anti-oxidant defenses in the body, resulting in serious damage to various cells and tissues, as well as inducing numerous chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes and inflammation [1]. This stress especially plays an important role in the pathogenesis of some chronic diseases
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