Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in food animals pose a major public health threat worldwide. In this study, we aimed to assess the antimicrobial resistance profiles and resistance trends of commensal Escherichia coli isolated from the feces of healthy cattle, pigs, and chickens in South Korea during 2010 and 2020. A total of 7237 E. coli isolates (2733 cattle, 2542 pig, and 1962 chicken isolates) were tested for susceptibility towards 12 antimicrobials. About 48%, 90%, and 97% of cattle, pig, and chicken isolates, respectively, were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents. Cattle isolates presented low resistance (<15%) to most of the tested antimicrobials. In contrast, chicken and pig isolates demonstrated a relatively high (>45%) resistance rate to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and tetracycline. We observed high ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid resistance rates in chicken (76.1% and 88.6%, respectively), isolates in pig (12.7% and 26.7%, respectively) and cattle (2.7% and 8.2%, respectively) isolates. Notably, a very small proportion of isolates (<5%) from cattle, chickens, and pigs demonstrated resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, and colistin. We identified ceftiofur resistance in a small proportion of chicken (8.8%), pig (3.7%), and cattle (0.7%) isolates. We noted an increasing but fluctuating trend of ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and streptomycin resistance in pig isolates. Similarly, the ampicillin, ceftiofur, and chloramphenicol resistance rates were increased but fluctuated through time in chicken isolates. Overall, 56% of the isolates showed multidrug-resistant (MDR). The proportion of MDR isolates was low in cattle (17.1%); however, this proportion was high in chickens (87.1%) and pigs (73.7%). Most of the resistance patterns included streptomycin and tetracycline in pigs and cattle, and ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid in chickens. In conclusion, this study showed high resistance of commensal E. coli isolated from major food animals in Korea to commonly used antimicrobials including critically important antimicrobials. These bacteria could not only be a resistance reservoir but also could have potential to spread this resistance through gene transfer to pathogenic bacteria. Thus, the high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in food animals highlights the urgent need for measures to restrict and ensure the prudent use of antimicrobials in Korea.
Highlights
Escherichia coli is a commensal bacterium colonizing the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals
E. coli isolates with antimicrobial resistance potential can transfer from food animals to humans, either through direct contact or indirectly through the food chain [8]
The antimicrobial resistance rate of E. coli isolated from chickens and pigs was significantly (p ≤ 0.0001) higher than that of cattle (Table 2)
Summary
Escherichia coli is a commensal bacterium colonizing the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. E. coli strains are potential reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes and are considered to be excellent indicators to monitor the general level of resistance [4]. Antimicrobial resistance in commensal bacteria such as E. coli may serve as an early warning for the development of resistance in pathogenic bacteria [5]. A recent study in Europe has shown that more than half of the E. coli isolates were resistant to at least one class of antimicrobials, including those considered critically important for humans [6]. Frequent and uncontrolled use of antimicrobials in animals and humans raises the potential risk for the selection of antimicrobial resistance in commensal bacteria such as E. coli [7]. E. coli isolates with antimicrobial resistance potential can transfer from food animals to humans, either through direct contact or indirectly through the food chain [8]
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