Abstract
Background: Salmonella Kentucky belongs to zoonotic serotypes that demonstrate that the high antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance (including fluoroquinolones) is an emerging problem. To the best of our knowledge, clinical S. Kentucky strains isolated in Poland remain undescribed. Methods: Eighteen clinical S. Kentucky strains collected in the years 2018–2019 in Poland were investigated. All the strains were tested for susceptibility to 11 antimicrobials using the disc diffusion and E-test methods. Whole genome sequences were analysed for antimicrobial resistance genes, mutations, the presence and structure of SGI1-K (Salmonella Genomic Island and the genetic relationship of the isolates. Results: Sixteen of 18 isolates (88.9%) were assigned as ST198 and were found to be high-level resistant to ampicillin (>256 mg/L) and quinolones (nalidixic acid MIC ≥ 1024 mg/L, ciprofloxacin MIC range 6–16 mg/L). All the 16 strains revealed three mutations in QRDR of GyrA and ParC. The substitutions of Ser83 → Phe and Asp87 → Tyr of the GyrA subunit and Ser80→Ile of the ParC subunit were the most common. One S. Kentucky isolate had qnrS1 in addition to the QRDR mutations. Five of the ST198 strains, grouped in cluster A, had multiple resistant determinants like blaTEM1-B, aac(6′)-Iaa, sul1 or tetA, mostly in SGI1 K. Seven strains, grouped in cluster B, had shorter SGI1-K with deletions of many regions and with few resistance genes detected. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that a significant part of S. Kentucky isolates from humans in Poland belonged to ST198 and were high-level resistant to ampicillin and quinolones.
Highlights
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections are a major health problem for humans and animals worldwide
Salmonella infections are usually limited to uncomplicated diarrhoea, for the elderly or an immunocompromised person, they can cause severe infections, which may be life-threatening and may require an antimicrobial therapy
An increase in Salmonella strains resistant to antimicrobial agents commonly prescribed to treat salmonellosis has become a significant problem [2,3]
Summary
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections are a major health problem for humans and animals worldwide. An increase in Salmonella strains resistant to antimicrobial agents commonly prescribed to treat salmonellosis has become a significant problem [2,3]. Antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella strains is attributed to intensive and inappropriate use of antibiotics to treat both animal and human infections and may lead to resistance genes or different mobile elements (transposons, plasmids, etc.) being transferred between bacterial communities. Food-producing animals, such as poultry, that are considered the main reservoir for Salmonella play an important role in the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Salmonella Kentucky belongs to zoonotic serotypes that demonstrate that the high antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance (including fluoroquinolones) is an emerging problem. Kentucky isolates from humans in Poland belonged to ST198 and were high-level resistant to ampicillin and quinolones
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