Abstract
Nontyphoidal-Salmonella bacteria cause foodborne gastroenteritis that may lead to fatal bacteremia, osteomyelitis, and meningitis if not treated properly. The emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains is a global public health threat. Regular monitoring of genotypes and phenotypes of Salmonella isolated from humans, animals, foods, and environments is mandatory for effective reduction and control of this food-borne pathogen. In this study, antimicrobial-resistant and virulent genotypes and phenotypes of Salmonella isolated from retail food samples in Bangkok, Thailand, were investigated. From 252 raw food samples, 58 Salmonella strains that belonged only to serotype Enteritidis were isolated. Disc diffusion method showed that all isolates were still sensitive to amikacin and carbapenems. More than 30% of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. Twenty isolates resist at least three antibiotic classes. Minimum inhibitory concentration tests showed that 12.07% of the isolates produced extended-spectrum β-Lactamase. Polymerase chain reaction indicated that 32.76, 81.03, 39.66, and 5.17% of the isolates carried blaTEM-1, tetA, sul2, and dfrA7, respectively. All isolates were positive for invasion-associated genes. Effective prevention and control of Salmonella (as well as other food-borne pathogens) is possible by increasing public awareness and applying food hygienic practices. Active and well harmonised “One Health” co-operation is required to effectively control food-borne zoonosis.
Highlights
Salmonella causes food-borne gastroenteritis with high and increasing prevalence worldwide [1,2,3]
The isolated bacteria were from chicken (36 isolates, 62.07%), pork (16 isolates, 27.59%), and beef (6 isolates, 10.34%)
Been identified as the infections predominant agent salmonel[34].of In ful epidemiological information onhas food-borne bacterial incausative a locality in Thailandhas this study, as of predominant the raw food samples collected recent decades,losis beenInidentified the causative agentfrom of open markets in the Bangkok metropolitan region were found to be contaminated with salmonellosis in Thailand [35,36]
Summary
Salmonella causes food-borne gastroenteritis (salmonellosis) with high and increasing prevalence worldwide [1,2,3]. The bacteria are ubiquitously present in the environment and throughout the food chain, i.e., farm-to-folk. Humans become infected through the consumption of contaminated water or foods mainly of animal origins, such as poultry meat, eggs, pork, beef, dairy products, and ready-to-eat produce [4,5]. The diseases can be self-limited in healthy individuals but may be severe, which requires prompt medical attention and may be life-threatening if the bacteria invade beyond the gastrointestinal tract [9]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Salmonella is one of the key causative agents of diarrheal disease, which inflicts huge medical intervention expenses and loss of productivity [10]
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