Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is the most common and essential serotype that causes salmonellosis in Guizhou province. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and molecular genotyping of 79 S. Enteritidis clinical isolates from 2011 to 2016 in Guizhou, China. Antimicrobial resistance and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of S. Enteritidis clinical isolates were detected by micro broth dilution method against ten classes 16 antimicrobial agents, and molecular genotyping were examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). All (100%) isolates showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial. Resistance to nalidixic acid (98.7%) was the highest, followed by sulfamethoxazole (87.3%) and ampicillin (77.2%). The majority of isolates (92.4%) showed decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Resistance to the third and fourth-generation cephalosporins was observed. Twenty-six AMR profiles were observed, and the predominant AMR profile was ampicillin-streptomycin-sulfamethoxazole-amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-nalidixic acid. A high burden of multidrug resistance (MDR) (81.0%) was found. Seventy-nine S. Enteritidis isolates were divided into 33 different pulsotypes (PTs), and the most frequent PT was PT18. Twenty-six different MLVA types (MTs) were generated with seven VNTR loci analysis of these isolates. The dominant PTs and MTs were persistent during 2011–2016. S. Enteritidis clinical isolates showed higher genetic diversity using PFGE combined with MLVA grouped into 60 PT-MT genotypes. No correlation was observed between genotypes, AMR profiles and geographic location. These data revealed the characteristics of AMR and molecular genotyping of S. Enteritidis clinical isolates in Guizhou province. These results highlight that strengthening the AMR and molecular genotyping surveillance is essential to prevent and control salmonellosis in Guizhou. PFGE combined with MLVA should be powerful tools for the molecular genotyping of S. Enteritidis isolates.
Highlights
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is one of the most common pathogens that contaminate food and causes diarrhea in humans. 93.8 million cases of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella species occur each year globally, with 155,000 deaths [1]
Bacterial isolates used in this study were derived from clinical patients from 2011 to 2016 in Guizhou province, Southwest of China
Enteritidis isolates were shown to be resistant to the third and fourth-generation cephalosporins, including ceftriaxone (7.6%, 6/79) and cefepime (6.3%, 5/79). None of these isolates was resistant to cefoxitin
Summary
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is one of the most common pathogens that contaminate food and causes diarrhea in humans. 93.8 million cases of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella species occur each year globally, with 155,000 deaths [1]. Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is one of the most common pathogens that contaminate food and causes diarrhea in humans. 93.8 million cases of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella species occur each year globally, with 155,000 deaths [1]. In China, 9.87 million cases of gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella each year [2], and outbreak events due to Salmonella infection sometimes occurred [3]. NTS was the dominant pathogen, which caused microbiological foodborne outbreaks with the largest number of cases in China [3]. Enteritidis) is the most common serotype among human isolates globally [4]. A recent survey showed NTS was the top five pathogens causing diarrhea in children under age five and elderly outpatients older than 65 years in China [5, 6], and of all identified NTS isolates, S. Enteritidis was the most common serotype [5, 6]
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