Abstract
Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to obtain Casearia sylvestris leave extracts by different extractive methods, including the obtention of essential oil, in order to compare their antimicrobial activities to conventional mouthwash chlorhexidine against oral bacteria. Material and method For this evaluation, extracts from the leaves were obtained by different methods of extraction (infusion, decoction, maceration and percolation) using different solvent systems: water 100%, ethanol 100%, methanol 100%, water: ethanol 3:7; water: ethanol 7:3; water: methanol 7:3 and water: methanol 3:7. The essential oil, which corresponds to a volatile fraction, was obtained by hydrodistillation using Clevenger modified apparatus. The microdilution broth method was used to determine the values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for the following microorganisms: Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, S. mitis ATCC 49456, S. sanguinis ATCC 10556, S. salivarius ATCC 25975, Lactobacillus casei ATCC 11578 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC4082. Chlorhexidine gluconate was used as a positive control. Result All extracts evaluated in the used protocol displayed MIC values higher than 400 µg/mL and few showed bactericidal activity. The antimicrobial activity of essential oil was higher than the activity of the extracts, and the best minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values were obtained against L. casei (MIC of 0.023 µg/mL and MBC of 0.046 µg/mL) and S. mutans (MIC of 25 µg/mL and MBC of 50 µg/mL), respectively. Conclusion The essential oil of Casearia sylvestris has significant antimicrobial activity against oral microorganisms.
Highlights
MATERIAL AND METHODDental plaque has been considered the main etiologic agent in the initiation of dental caries and periodontal disease, the most common form of which is gingivitis[1]
The aim of this study was to obtain Casearia sylvestris leaf extracts by different extractive methods, including the obtention of essential oil, in order to compare their antimicrobial activities with the conventional mouthwash chlorhexidine against Streptococcus mutans, S. mitis, S. sanguinis, S. salivarius, Lactobacillus casei and Enterococcus faecalis
The following bacteria acquired from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) were used: Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Streptococcus mitis ATCC 49456, Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10556, Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 25975 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 4082
Summary
Dental plaque has been considered the main etiologic agent in the initiation of dental caries and periodontal disease, the most common form of which is gingivitis[1]. Dental decay is biofilm dependent; one of the fundamental imbalances that cause the onset of cariogenic biofilm is a rich and frequent diet of fermentable carbohydrates, mainly sucrose[4]. Many bacteria are involved in dental caries, mainly Streptococcus mutans[2], which is capable of fermenting carbohydrates resulting in acid production and leading to the demineralization of the tooth. The tooth surface provides the necessary conditions for the adherence and establishment of bacteria, such as Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces species, which can be considered early colonizers of the enamel surface[5]. E. faecalis is found in the mouth and may cause other diseases[6]
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