Abstract
Objective To investigate the antibacterial effect of a novel antimicrobial peptide containing oral spray GERM CLEAN on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in vitro and further explore the related mechanisms at phenotypic and transcriptional levels. Methods The disk diffusion method was used to preliminarily appraise the antimicrobial effect of GERM CLEAN. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of GREM CLEAN towards S. mutans was determined by the broth dilution method. S. mutans was determined by the broth dilution method. Results The diameter (10.18 ± 1.744 mm) of inhibition zones formed by GERM CLEAN preliminarily indicated its inhibitory effect on the major cariogenic bacteria S. mutans was determined by the broth dilution method. S. mutans was determined by the broth dilution method. S. mutans was determined by the broth dilution method. S. mutans was determined by the broth dilution method. gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, and ldh were significantly repressed by treating with GERM CLEAN, and this was consistent with our phenotypic results. Conclusion The novel antimicrobial peptide containing oral spray GERM CLEAN has an anti-Streptococcus mutans effect and the inhibitory property may be due to suppression of the virulence factors of S. mutans including adhesive, acidogenicity, EPS, and biofilm formation.Streptococcus mutans effect and the inhibitory property may be due to suppression of the virulence factors of S. mutans including adhesive, acidogenicity, EPS, and biofilm formation.S. mutans was determined by the broth dilution method.
Highlights
Dental caries is a prevalent chronic oral infectious disease which is featured with progressive destruction of dental hard tissue, and as one of the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide, dental caries endangers human health throughout the life cycle and nowadays we are even suffering an elevated risk for the incidence of dental caries [1, 2]
Growth Inhibition Zone Diameter Determination. e filter paper disks saturated with the stock GERM CLEAN solution could form inhibition zones on the bacterial culture plates, and diameters of the inhibition zones were 10.18 ± 1.744 mm (>7 mm, p < 0.05), which preliminarily indicated the antibacterial effect of GERM CLEAN on S. mutans
We found that a newly marketed oral spray GERM CLEAN impaired the growth, adherence, EPS synthesis, biofilm formation, and acid production of S. mutans through in vitro S. mutans virulence-related phenotypic assays
Summary
Dental caries is a prevalent chronic oral infectious disease which is featured with progressive destruction of dental hard tissue, and as one of the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide, dental caries endangers human health throughout the life cycle and nowadays we are even suffering an elevated risk for the incidence of dental caries [1, 2]. Most natural AMPs still have many disadvantages in their clinical application, including their large size, high cost and difficulty of production, and varying effective concentration against saliva dilution and degradation [34]. To improve these circumstances, taking natural AMPs as templates, many scholars have successfully designed and created many synthetic AMPs with promising antibacterial activity [35,36,37]. Ese years, Chen et al [38] designed ZXR-2, Sullivan et al [27] synthesized C16G2, and Zhang et al [39] created DPS-PI, which were all synthetic AMPs that showed apparent antibacterial effect against the caries pathogenic bacteria, S. mutans. When compared with natural AMPs, synthetic AMPs can possess more efficient and broader-spectrum antibacterial activity and are not easy to produce resistance limitation, with lower cytotoxicity [34, 35, 40]
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