Abstract
At present, much attention is paid to the use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of natural and artificial origin to combat pathogens. AMPs have several points that determine their biological activity. We analyzed the structural properties of AMPs, as well as described their mechanism of action and impact on pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Recently published data on the development of new AMP drugs based on a combination of molecular design and genetic engineering approaches are presented. In this article, we have focused on information on the amyloidogenic properties of AMP. This review examines AMP development strategies from the perspective of the current high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and the potential prospects and challenges of using AMPs against infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Highlights
The relevance of the study and development of antimicrobial molecules is due to the global spread of antibiotic-resistant forms of bacteria, as well as new viral diseases [1,2]
New data indicate that amyloidogenic peptides can interact with various combinations of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which in turn leads to modulation of innate immune cells [13]
Smole et al showed that changes in the oligomeric organization of serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) caused by dust mite allergens is recognized by the PRRs and lead to the development of an immune response [14]
Summary
The relevance of the study and development of antimicrobial molecules is due to the global spread of antibiotic-resistant forms of bacteria, as well as new viral diseases [1,2]. Colicins and colicin-like peptides have similar physicochemical properties and differ only in the type of producer bacteria These AMPs have a high molecular weight and are sensitive to temperature and proteases. A possible mechanism of action is associated with the ability of the antimicrobial peptide LL37 and similar α-helical AMPs to form nanocrystalline complexes with viral dsRNA. Such complexes are recognized by toll-like receptors, which further induce an immune response [110,111]. Parasitic organisms are usually multicellular eukaryotes, the mechanism of action of antiparasitic peptides involves cell death trough destruction of the cell membrane, as in other AMPs [112] Peptides in this group are active against various parasites, including Leishmania and Trypanosoma brucei [113]. E. coli was replaced by the Bacillus subtilis expression system using SUMO technology to synthesize cathelicidin-BF (CBF), an AMP purified from venom of Bungarus fasciatus [136]
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