Abstract
BackgroundInflammation has been known to associate with many human diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate an anti-inflammatory effect of ozonated krill (Euphausia superba) oil, which was prepared by the treatment of krill oil using ozone gas. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.ResultsOzonated krill oil significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production and suppressed the mRNA and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Ozonated krill oil also reduced the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory activity of ozonated krill oil, we evaluated the effects of ozonated krill oil on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathway. Ozonated krill oil suppressed the LPS-stimulated phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK).ConclusionThis study revealed that the ozonated krill oil exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that ozonated krill oil suppressed pro-inflammatory mediator and cytokine expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages by inhibiting the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK.
Highlights
Inflammation has been known to associate with many human diseases
We evaluated the inhibitory effect of the ozonated krill oil on nitric oxide (NO) production to evaluate whether the ozonated krill oil exerts potential antiinflammatory effect in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages
Ozonated krill oil was prepared by the treatment using ozone gas, and its anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages
Summary
Inflammation has been known to associate with many human diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate an anti-inflammatory effect of ozonated krill (Euphausia superba) oil, which was prepared by the treatment of krill oil using ozone gas. The krill oil possesses high content of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs, 48.6%) of which contains high amount of omega-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 16.6–36.5%) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 11.1–24.8%) (Virtue et al 1995) Minor components such as astaxanthin, sterols, vitamin A, and tocopherols are present in krill oil (Xie et al 2017). According to the previous reports, krill oil, an extract prepared from a species of Antarctic krill, E. superba, has emerged with health benefits, including neuroprotection, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-obesity, and improvement of metabolic disorders due to its omega-3 fatty acids, phospholipid-derived fatty acids, and the natural pigment, astaxanthin (Barros et al 2014; Berge et al 2013; Costanzo et al 2016; Fasano et al 2014; Lee et al 2015).
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