Abstract
Objectives. Salvia fruticosa Mill. (S. fruticosa) is widely used in folk medicine. Accordingly, the present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of S. fruticosa, and to determine the phenolic constituents of its extracts. Methods. The antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl assay. Total phenolic contents were estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and high-performance liquid chromatography was performed to identify phenolic constituents. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity, carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema was determined plethysmographically. Key Findings. Different plant extracts demonstrated strong radical scavenging activity, where the ethyl acetate extract had the highest value in the roots and the lowest in the aerial parts. This antioxidant activity was correlated to the total phenolic content of different extracts, where rutin and luteolin were the most abundant constituents. Interestingly, both the roots and aerial parts revealed a significant anti-inflammatory activity comparable to diclofenac. Conclusions. This study is the first to demonstrate pharmacologic evidence of the potential anti-inflammatory activity of S. fruticosa. This activity may partly be due to the radical scavenging effects of its polyphenolic contents. These findings warrant the popular use of the East Mediterranean sage and highlight the potential of its active constituents in the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs.
Highlights
Oxygen is essential for the life of all aerobic organisms; oxidative stress may induce damage to cellular biomolecules and is implicated in many diseases [1]
Other studies carried out on several species such as Salvia verticillata showed the highest scavenging activity in methanol extract [20]. This activity was attributed to the presence of phenolic constituents present in this plant in different proportions and identified as gallic acid and rosmarinic acid which occurred in higher amount and was identified by TLC screening compared with references [20]
Concerning total phenolic content, the ethyl acetate root extract showed highest Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) absorbance as that of methanol extract of aerial parts meaning that they contained a high concentration of phenolic contents such as gallic acid, rutin, and luteolin that were isolated by column chromatography and identified by HPLC
Summary
Oxygen is essential for the life of all aerobic organisms; oxidative stress may induce damage to cellular biomolecules and is implicated in many diseases [1]. The species Salvia fruticosa Miller (S. fruticosa Mill.), named as S. libanotica and formerly named as S. triloba, is native to the eastern Mediterranean and is known as East Mediterranean sage or Lebanese sage [8, 9]. It represents most of the imported sage in the United States rather than S. officinalis. The plant is boiled as a tea for the relief of different pains, colds, influenza, and many other disorders This endemic Lebanese plant has been used for improving memory and as hypoglycemic agent
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