Abstract
Red yeast (Sporidiobolus pararoseus), obtained from glycerol waste in the biodiesel process, has been used as a mycotoxin sorbent in some agricultural products. This study focused on the antigenotoxic effects of red yeast on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced mutagenesis, using a Salmonella mutation assay and a rat liver micronucleus test. Red yeast was sequentially extracted to obtain hexane, acetone, hot water, and residue fractions. Carbohydrates were mainly found in hot water extract (HWE), while proteins were observed in the residue fraction. The amount of lycopene in hexane extract (HE) was higher than the amount of β-carotene in HE. All red yeast extracts were not mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 under the presence and absence of metabolic activation. Among the extracts obtained from red yeast, HE presented the strongest antimutagenicity against AFB1-induced mutagenesis in both strains, but HWE did not show any antimutagenicity. The oral administration of red yeast, HE, and HWE for 28 days was further investigated in rats. These extracts did not induce micronucleated hepatocytes. Furthermore, they modulated the activities of some detoxifying enzymes but did not alter the activities of various cytochrome P450 isozymes. Notably, they significantly decreased hepatic micronucleus formation in AFB1-initiated rats. HE altered the activity of hepatic glutathione-S-transferase but did not affect its protein expression. Taken together, the antigenotoxicity of red yeast against AFB1-induced mutagenesis might be partly due to the modulation of some detoxifying enzymes in AFB1 metabolism. β-Carotene and lycopene might be promising antigenotoxic compounds in red yeast.
Highlights
The aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus species are the major contaminants in agricultural products such as peanuts, corn, and spices [1]
The major part of red yeast was carbohydrates, which were present in the hot water extract
The acetone extract and a residue fraction contained higher amounts of phenolic compounds than the other extracts, while hexane extract contained a high content of carotenoid derivatives, including β-carotene and lycopene
Summary
The aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus species are the major contaminants in agricultural products such as peanuts, corn, and spices [1]. Several decontamination methods, including chemical treatment using alkalization and ammonization, and physical treatment using heating and irradiation, have been used to either reduce or eliminate AFB1 contamination in agricultural food. They are impractical due to their cost, hazard, and limited efficacy [3]. It was recently found that yeast cell wall-based products were more effective than inorganic sorbents, due to their broad range of mycotoxin binding, Biomolecules 2021, 11, 734.
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