Abstract
Introduction: The limited option to combat fungal threat has raised the interest in seeking alternative anti-fungal compounds. This study aimed to determine the antifungal property of aqueous-extracted shallot (Allium ascalonicum) against Candida albicans, a medically important yeast pathogen. The anti-biofilm property of A. ascalonicum aqueous extract was also investigated.Methods: The antifungal effect of A. ascalonicum aqueous extract on C. albicans was screened using disc diffusion assay and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using broth macrodilution. Subsequently, the anti-biofilm property of A. ascalonicum aqueous extract was investigated using 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2 H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) reduction assay, crystal violet (CV) assay, and microscopic examination.Results: A zone of C. albicans growth inhibition was observed at 10 and 20 g/mL of A. ascalonicum aqueous extract. The MIC of A. ascalonicum aqueous extract was found at 10 g/mL. Significant differences were found between A. ascalonicum aqueous extract -treated and non-treated C. albicans in term of biofilm formation activity (XTT assay) and the quantity of biofilm formed (CV assay).Conclusion: Using a simple and inexpensive extraction procedure, this study revealed the antifungal property of A. ascalonicum aqueous extract, which could be useful in exploring novel antifungal compound.
Highlights
The limited option to combat fungal threat has raised the interest in seeking alternative anti-fungal compounds
Disc diffusion assay and broth macrodilution assay In this study, the anti-C. albicans effect of A. ascalonicum aqueous extract was screened by using disc diffusion assay
Broth macrodilution found that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the lowest concentration of A. ascalonicum aqueous extract that inhibited the growth of
Summary
The limited option to combat fungal threat has raised the interest in seeking alternative anti-fungal compounds. This study aimed to determine the antifungal property of aqueous-extracted shallot (Allium ascalonicum) against Candida albicans, a medically important yeast pathogen. The anti-biofilm property of A. ascalonicum aqueous extract was investigated using 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2 H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) reduction assay, crystal violet (CV) assay, and microscopic examination. Among the pathogenic species of Candida, Candida albicans appears to be the leading causative agent of candidiasis (>50%) and possesses high mortality rate [9,10]. This deadly systemic invasive candidiasis is suggested to be highly correlated with the wide-usage of the medical instruments such as catheter contaminated with Candida biofilm [11,12]. Fungus ( C. albicans) is the third leading cause of catheter-related infections as well as second highest colonization-to-infection with the highest crude mortality [13,14]
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