Abstract
Fatigue is a common physiological phenomenon caused by many complicated factors. Excessive fatigue will lead to a series of uncomfortable reactions and damage body health. Panax notoginseng leaves (PNL) is a new resource food that good for soothing nerves, nourishing the heart, and strengthening the spleen. Microbial fermentation could increase the content of bio-ingredients and produce new active ingredients. However, the effect of fermented P. notoginseng leaves (FPNL) on antifatigue and the molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Thus, in this study, we evaluated the antifatigue effect of co-fermented P. notoginseng leaves by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus subtilis in-vitro and in-vivo, and its mechanism was further elucidated. The results showed that FPNL exhibited higher saponins, organic phenolic acids content, and antioxidant activity than PNL. FPNL improved ISO-induced H9c2 myocardial cell damage by alleviating apoptosis (modulating Bax and Bcl-2 protein expression) and reducing antioxidant activity in-vitro. Moreover, in-vivo experiment showed that FPNL significantly prolonged the weight-loading swimming time of mice. After gavaged FPNL, the levels of liver glycogen (LG) and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were increased in mice. In contrast, the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), lactate acid, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were decreased. In summary, our results indicated that FPNL showed a good antifatigue effect in-vivo and in-vitro.
Highlights
Fatigue refers to a physiological state in which the body cannot maintain a certain level of function or an organ cannot maintain a predetermined exercise intensity
Our previous research found that the highest content of total saponins was obtained from the co-fermentation of Panax notoginseng leaves (PNL) by S. cerevisiae CICC 31393 and B. subtilis CICC 22459 (Supplementary Table 1; FIGURE 1 | high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) analysis of different saponins content in PNL and fermented P. notoginseng leaves (FPNL). (A) A stander mixture of four saponins. (B) The four saponins in PNL. (C) The four saponins in FPNL
Compared with the PNL, the protopanaxatriol types (PPT) type of R1 and Rg1 increased in FPNL, while protopanaxadiol types of Rb1 and Rb3 decreased slightly, indicating that biological transformation of saponins in PNL occurred after fermentation (Figure 1; Supplementary Tables 2, 3)
Summary
Fatigue refers to a physiological state in which the body cannot maintain a certain level of function or an organ cannot maintain a predetermined exercise intensity. This phenomenon is mainly caused by excessive energy consumption in the body and the accumulation of metabolic waste such as lactic malondialdehyde [1]. Fatigue can be divided into secondary fatigue, physiological fatigue, or chronic fatigue. Secondary fatigue is due to sleep disorders, depression, overwork, or drug side effects. Physiological fatigue is caused by lack of rest, physical labor, or mental reasons.
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