Abstract
Insulin resistance, a pathological condition characterized by defects in insulin action leads to the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a disease which is currently on the rise that pose an enormous economic burden to healthcare systems worldwide. The current treatment and prevention strategies are considerably lacking in number and efficacy and therefore new targeted therapies and preventative strategies are urgently needed. Plant-derived chemicals such as metformin, derived from the French lilac, have been used to treat/manage insulin resistance and T2DM. Other plant-derived chemicals which are not yet discovered, may have superior properties to prevent and manage T2DM and thus research into this area is highly justifiable. Hydroxytyrosol is a phenolic phytochemical found in olive leaves and olive oil reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antidiabetic properties. The present review summarizes the current in vitro and in vivo studies examining the antidiabetic properties of hydroxytyrosol and investigating the mechanisms of its action.
Highlights
The composition of the culturally-based diet of the Greeks, Spanish, and Italians was first connected to cardiovascular health and lower cholesterol levels by American researcher Ancel Keys nearly fifty years ago [1,2,3,4,5]
That exhibit insulin-like effects, improve insulin sensitivity, enhance the efficacy of already existing antidiabetic agents and have very few side effects, are greatly desired as they will broaden the spectrum of treatment options for insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
Another study showed that exposure of human primary visceral preadipocytes to HT (5–70 μg/mL) resulted in decreased triglyceride accumulation and increased apoptosis, lipolysis, glycerol release and expression of adipogenesis inhibiting genes such as GATA- binding factor 2 and
Summary
The composition of the culturally-based diet of the Greeks, Spanish, and Italians was first connected to cardiovascular health and lower cholesterol levels by American researcher Ancel Keys nearly fifty years ago [1,2,3,4,5] This was termed the “Mediterranean diet” and has since been studied extensively, with research showing clear beneficial effects on health and lifespan. Sodium–glucose (canagliflozin, capagliflozin) the (canagliflozin, capagliflozin)cotransporter are the most recent antidiabetic drugs currently available and theyare exhibit most recent antidiabetic drugs currently available and they exhibit glucose lowering properties by glucose lowering properties by inhibiting renal glucose reabsorption and stimulating glucose excretion Initially promising, these drugs are associated with adverse health effects including severe hypotension, urinary tract infections (UTI), and ketoacidosis [27,28]. That exhibit insulin-like effects, improve insulin sensitivity, enhance the efficacy of already existing antidiabetic agents and have very few side effects, are greatly desired as they will broaden the spectrum of treatment options for insulin resistance and T2DM
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